Читать книгу The Champlain Road - Franklin Davey McDowell - Страница 4

Table of Contents

THE CHAMPLAIN ROAD, northern route of the three roads from New France to Huronia and taken by Samuel de Champlain on his trip to the Huron Country, in 1615. It commenced at Quebec, followed the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Ottawa, thence up the Ottawa to a point close to Lake Nipissing, across the Nipissing to the French River and into what is now Georgian Bay, a circuitous route, about 700 miles of portage and waterways; but the only remaining road not permanently closed by the Iroquois.

THE IROQUOIS TRAIL, formerly the Algonquin Trail, used by Champlain and his Huron allies in their 1615 raid into the Iroquois Country. It followed the Kawartha Lakes and waterways either to the Bay of Quinté or the Trenton outlet, on Lake Ontario. Closed by the Iroquois for many years.

THE THORONTOHEN WATERWAY, used by Father Jean de Brébeuf and other Huronian missionaries on their mission to the Neutral Indians. It followed the river chain south from Lake Simcoe to Toronto Bay.

HURONIA, or the Country of the Huron Indians, a peninsula in the Georgian Bay District, of Canada, now known as the County of Simcoe, Province of Ontario. The proper Huron name was Ouendake, derived from the land’s geographical isolation and meaning the “One Land Apart”. Hence the Huron name of Ouendat, or “People of One Land Apart”.

FORT STE. MARIE I, administrative centre and residence of the Jesuit Mission to the Hurons, situated on the Wye River, about four miles from Midland, Ont. Erected in 1639, it was abandoned and burned in 1649, following the collapse of the Hurons before Iroquois incursions.

FORT STE. MARIE II, erected in 1649, on Christian Island, on northern tip of Nottawasaga Bay. Abandoned and burned within a year, upon extinction of Huronia.

THE MISSION TO THE HURONS comprised three missions in one. The Mission of the Saints to Huronia; the Mission of the Apostles to the Tobacco Nation, or Petuns, occupying territory west of Nottawasaga River to Lake Huron; and the Mission of the Angels to the Neutral Country, embracing what is now South-Western Ontario and the Niagara Peninsula. This mission was withdrawn owing to the hostility of the Indians to the missionaries.

THE HURON FAMILY included the Hurons proper, the Tobacco Nation, the Neutrals and the Five Nations Confederacy, or Iroquois. The four clans forming the Hurons proper were: the Cord, chief village, Teanaostaiaë, or the “Sentinel of the River”, and mission centre of St. Joseph II; the Bear, chief village, Ossossanë, or “Where the Corn Tops Wave”, and mission centre of La Conception; the Rock, chief village, Cahiagué, or the “Fish Spearing Place”, and mission centre of St. Jean-Baptiste; and Beyond the Morass, chief village, St. Louis (no Indian name) attached to mission centre of St. Ignace.

THE JESUIT MARTYRS

In Huronia:

Father Antoine Daniel, Indian name, Anouennen, slain by Iroquois at Mission of St. Joseph II. during capture of Teanaostaiaë, July 4th, 1648.

Father Jean de Brébeuf, Echon, captured at St. Louis, died at the stake, St. Ignace, March 16th, 1649.

Father Gabriel Lalemant, captured with Father Brébeuf, at St. Louis, died at the stake, St. Ignace, March 17th, 1649.

In the Tobacco Nation:

Father Charles Garnier, Oaracha, slain at Mission of St. Jean, during capture of Etharita, December 7th, 1649.

Father Noël Chabanel, slain by renegade Huron on Nattawasaga River, returning to Fort Ste. Marie II, December 8th, 1649.

In the Iroquois Country:

Father Isaac Jogues, Ondessone, supervised construction of Fort Ste. Marie I, captured on Champlain Road, returning to Huronia, 1642, escaped after enduring terrible tortures to return to Iroquois country to establish Mission of the Martyrs and slain at the Mohawk village of Ossernenon (near Auriesville, N.Y.), October 18th, 1646.

Lay Brother René Goupil, captured on Champlain Road with Father Jogues, slain at Ossernenon, September 29th, 1642.

Layman John de la Lande, accompanied Father Jogues to Mission of the Martyrs, slain at Ossernenon, October 19th, 1646.

OTHER PERSONAGES:

Very Reverend Jérôme Lalemant, Achiendossé, Father Superior, the Mission to the Hurons, 1638-1644; Superior of the Mission in Canada, from 1645, with residence at Quebec.

Very Reverend Paul Ragueneau, Aondecheté, last Father Superior, the Mission to the Hurons, 1644-1650.

Father François Le Mercier, Chaüosé, Assistant to the Father Superior.

Father Pierre Chastelain, Arioo, Spiritual Director.

Father François Joseph Bressani, in charge of flotilla transportation between Huronia and Quebec on Champlain Road. Tortured and mutilated when captured by Iroquois, 1644. Escape effected by Dutch traders of Fort Orange, now Albany, N.Y., same year.

Godfrey Plantagenet Bethune, Teanaosti, Captain of the Musketeers, Forts Ste. Marie.

Annaotaka, War Chief of the Cord Clan and foremost warrior in Huronia.

Thodatouan, War Chief of the Bear Clan.

Arakoua, the “Sunbeam”, daughter of Annaotaka.

Atondo, sub-War Chief of the Cord Clan, at St. Ignace.

Enons, sub-War Chief of the Cord Clan, at Teanaostaiaë.

Onaotaha, War Chief of the Clan Beyond the Morass, at St. Louis.

Tarontas, War Chief of the Rock Clan, living at the Bear village of Angoutenc, or “Place Beyond the Torrent”, or falls, since the abandonment of clan capital of Cahiagué, in early spring, 1648, owing to danger of Iroquois attack, and clan dispersed throughout other Huron villages less exposed to assault.

Awindoan, War Chief of the One White House, a sub-clan of the Cord with chief village at Scanonaenrat, Huron name for the sub-clan, and mission centre of St. Michel.

Diana Stanley Woodville, Hinonaia, claimed by Iroquois to be the Daughter of Agreskoui, or the Sun War God.

THE IROQUOIS, or the Five Confederate Nations, comprising the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas and occupying, from east to west, as named, a territory now embraced by New York State. The Five Nations were further sub-divided into eight clans. Their proper Indian name was Hodenosaunee, or People of the Long House.

THE ALGONQUINS, a widely-distributed Indian family, made up of many nations, including the Abenaki, Montagnais, Nipissing, Ojibwa, and, with the exception of lands occupied by the Huron Family, occupying a territory reaching from the Maritime Provinces almost to the head of the Great Lakes, in Ontario.