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Fred E. Jandt. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
Detailed Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface. Why Study Intercultural Communication?
New to the 10th Edition
Pedagogical Features
Author’s Note
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1 Defining Culture and Communication
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Sources of Identity
Religion and Identity
National Identity
Class and Identity
Gender and Identity
Race, Skin Color, Ethnicity, and Identity
Focus on Culture 1.1 Does Your DNA Reveal Your Culture?
Civilization and Identity
Focus on Culture 1.2 U.S. Census Bureau Definitions of Race
Culture
Focus on Skills 1.1 Applying Cultural Concepts
Subculture
Ethnicity
Co-Culture
Focus on Culture 1.3 The Māori of New Zealand
What Makes a Māori?
American Indians
Global Voices
Subgroup and Counterculture
Microculture and Community
Communication
Cultural Definitions of Communication
Confucian Perspectives on Communication
Western Perspectives on Communication
Focus on Skills 1.2 Cultural Understandings of Gift-Giving Practices
Components of Communication
Source
Encoding
Message
Channel
Noise
Receiver
Decoding
Receiver Response
Feedback
Context
The Media of Intercultural Communication
Human Couriers and Intermediaries
Telephone
Internet
Language Use
Design Elements
Social Media
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Note
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 2 Intercultural Communication Competence
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Intercultural Communication Competence
Focus on Skills 2.1 Assessing Intercultural Communication Competence
Personality Strength
Communication Skills
Psychological Adjustment
Cultural Awareness
Intercultural Communication Ethics
Focus on Culture 2.1 Identity Ethics
Focus on Theory 2.1 Is the Academic Discipline of InterculturalCommunication Intercultural?
Multiple Cultural Identities
Third Culture
Multiculturalism
Postethnic Cultures
Barriers to Intercultural Communication
Anxiety
Assuming Similarity Instead of Difference
Ethnocentrism
Focus on Culture 2.2 Benjamin Franklin’s Remarks on American Indians
Global Voices
Stereotypes and Prejudice
Stereotypes
Negative Effects on Communication
Focus on Skills 2.2 Cultural Appropriation
Case Study: Asian-Americans
Prejudice
Focus on Technology 2.1 Can Technology Be Prejudiced?
Racism
Case Study: India
Case Study: The Roma
Case Study: Koreans in Japan
Focus on Skills 2.3 Can Maps Be Racist?
Case Study: White Privilege
Hate Speech
Focus on Skills 2.4 Racism in Media
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 3 How Culture Affects Perception
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Perception
Sensing
Focus on Culture 3.1 The Greeks Had Aristotle, and the Chinese Had Confucius
Effect of Culture on Sensing
Perceiving
Selection
Japanese/English Difficulties With Speech Sounds
Organization
Grouping Like Objects Together
Interpretation
Case Study: Dogs as Pets or as Food
Focus on Technology 3.1 Using Social Media to Influence Perceptions
Case Study: Weather Vane as Christian Cross
Focus on Skills 3.1 Interpreting Gestures
Case Study: Airport Security
High Versus Low Context
Focus on Technology 3.2 Web Design in Low- and High-Context Countries
The Concept of Face
Case Study of Communication Between High- and Low-Context Countries—China and the United States
Global Voices
Communication Challenges Between High-Context China and Low-Context United States
Historical Context
Economy
Population
Current Issues in Chinese-U.S. Relations. Territorial Sovereignty
Taiwan
Focus on Technology 3.3 Status of Taiwan
Tibet
Hong Kong
South China Sea
Focus on Skills 3.2 High-Context and Low-Context Cultures
Airspace
Human Rights
Human Rights and Free Speech
Broadcast Media and the Internet
Global Voices
Focus on Skills 3.3 Adapting to Tourism From China
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Note
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Nonverbal Behaviors
Nonverbal Communication Functions
Replacing Spoken Messages
Focus on Technology 4.1 Replacing Words With Pictures in Social Media
Global Voices. The Original Recycling Symbol
Nordic Ecolabel Swan
Sending Uncomfortable Messages
Forming Impressions That Guide Communication
Making Relationships Clear
Regulating Interaction
Focus on Technology 4.2 Emoticon and Meme Symbols Vary From Culture to Culture
Reinforcing and Modifying Verbal Messages
Types of Nonverbal Communication
Proxemics
Focus on Culture 4.1 You and I Are Close Friends
Territoriality
Kinesics
Chronemics
Paralanguage
Silence
Global Voices
Haptics
Artifactual Communication
Focus on Skills 4.1 Touching as Nonverbal Communication
Olfactics
Focus on Skills 4.2 Using Context to Help Interpret Artifactual Communication
Knowing Culture Through Nonverbal Messages
Case Study: The Wai in Thailand
Case Study: Nonverbals in High-Context Koreas
Nonverbal Misinterpretations as a Barrier
Case Study: U.S. Military Use of Symbols in Afghanistan
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 5 Language as a Barrier
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Development of the Hypothesis
Vocabulary
Grammar and Syntax
Criticisms of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Linguistic Relativism
Case Study: Arabic and the Arab Culture
Translation Problems
Focus on Theory 5.1 Muted Group Theory
Vocabulary Equivalence
Idiomatic Equivalence
Focus on Technology 5.1 President Trump’s Tweets Defy Translation
Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence
Experiential Equivalence
Conceptual Equivalence
Human and Machine Translators
Pidgins, Creoles, and Universal Languages
Pidgins
Focus on Skills 5.1 Translation in Medical Emergencies
Creoles
Esperanto
Language as Nationalism
Kiswahili in East Africa
The Spread of English
India
South Africa
Australia and New Zealand
Canada
Focus on Technology 5.2 Bilingual Social Media in Canada
United States
Hawai‘i
Focus on Culture 5.1 Attempts to “Forge Unity From Diversity” With Official-Language Laws
Focus on Skills 5.2 Official-Language Laws
Loss of American Indian Languages
Focus on Technology 5.3 Indigenous Languages Learning Apps
Puerto Rico and Statehood
Focus on Technology 5.4 Corporate Website Language Use
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 6 Dimensions of Nation-State Cultures
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Hofstede’s Research
Criticisms of Hofstede’s Research
The Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner Dimensions
Focus on Culture 6.1 Cultural Dimensions and Behavior
Cultural Dimensions
Individualism Versus Collectivism
Focus on Culture 6.2 Apologies in Spam E-mails in Collectivist South Korea
Focus on Skills 6.1 Applying Individualism and Collectivism in Decision Making
Focus on Technology 6.1 Individualism and Collectivism Reflected in Webpage Design
Power Distance
Focus on Theory 6.1 Mitigated Speech
Focus on Skills 6.2 Considering Power Distance: Planning a University President’s Office
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long-Term Versus Short-Term Orientation
Indulgence Versus Self-Restraint
Masculinity Versus Femininity
Focus on Technology 6.2 Cultural Values in E-Commerce Sites
Focus on Technology 6.3 What If the Social Web Reflected the Values of Cultures Other Than Those of the United States?
Happiness
Environmental Sustainability
Global Voices
Evolving Cultural Dimensions
Case Study: Singapore
Focus on Skills 6.3 Individualism in a Confucian Society
Example 1 From 1987: Singapore Attempts to Balance Confucian Ethics and Individualism
Example 2 From 2019: FOMO and Singapore
Case Study: Japan as a Homogeneous Culture
Geography and History
Population and Economy
Focus on Theory 6.2 Asian Perspectives
Cultural Patterns
Focus on Culture 6.3 Baseball in Japan
Global Voices
Focus on Technology 6.4 Japan’s Social Media
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 7 Values and Identity: Dominant U.S. Cultural Patterns Using Value Orientation Theory
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Global Voices
Origins of U.S. Cultural Patterns. Pre-16th-Century Indigenous Americans
European Enlightenment
Regional Differences Resulting From Immigration
Global Voices
Forces Toward the Development of a Dominant Culture
Global Voices
Value Orientation Theory
What Is a Human Being’s Relation to Nature?
The Individual-and-Nature Relationship
Science and Technology
Focus on Technology 7.1 Media Use in the United States
Materialism
What Is the Motivation for Human Activity?
Activity and Work
Efficiency and Practicality
Progress and Change
What Is the Temporal Focus of Human Life?
What Is the Character of Innate Human Nature?
Goodness
Rationality
Mutability
What Is the Relationship of the Individual to Others?
Individualism
Focus on Culture 7.1 The World Loves Football, Doesn’t It?
Self-Motivation
Social Organization
Equality
Focus on Skills 7.1 Choosing Which Movies Best Represent Dominant U.S. Cultural Values
Conformity
Popular Acceptance of Dominant U.S. Cultural Patterns
Forces Toward the Development of Regional Cultures
Focus on Skills 7.2 Developing a Fact Sheet That Describes U.S. Culture
The New Regions
Focus on Technology 7.2 Regional Social Media
Social Class
Focus on Skills 7.3 Regional Word Use
Global Voices
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Note
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 8 Religion and Identity
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Hinduism
Buddhism
Focus on Culture 8.1 The Buddhist Conception of the Individual
Japan
Christianity
Focus on Culture 8.2 Orthodox Christianity
Islam
The Prophet Muhammad
The Quran
Views on Religion and Freedom of Thought
Religious Practices
Islam in the United States
The Arab States
Saudi Arabia
Geography
Discovery of Oil
Ruling Saud Family and Conservative Wahhabism
Media
Focus on Technology 8.1 Saudi Election Campaigns Move Online
Regional Instability
Dominant Cultural Patterns
Human Being–Nature Orientation
Activity Orientation
Time Orientation
Human Nature Orientation
Relational Orientation
Communication Barriers
Global Voices
Focus on Skills 8.1 Preparing to Conduct Business in Saudi Arabia
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Note
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 9 Culture and Gender
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Status of Women
United Nations Studies
World Economic Forum Study
Health and Survival
Educational Attainment
Economic Participation and Opportunity
Political Participation
Global Voices
Comparison of Individual Countries and Areas
Nordic Countries
Mexico
China
Focus on Skills 9.1 Designing a Mediation Training Program for Women in a Border Community
Japan
South Korea
Focus on Culture 9.1 China’s One-Child Campaign
India
Arab States
Role of Women
Focus on Skills 9.2 Designing a Girls’ Leadership Skills Group in South Africa
Marriage
Nonbinary Gender Identities
Examples
Cultural Status
Focus on Skills 9.3 Student Athlete
Gender Expression and Communication
Focus on Culture 9.2 Gender Word Use in Swedish and U.S. English. Sweden
United States
Focus on Technology 9.1 United Nations Efforts Toward Gender Equality
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 10 Migration and Acculturation
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
A World of Migration
Global Voices
Immigration and National Identity
Israel
Focus on Theory 10.1 Push-Pull Theory of Migration
Global Voices
Europe
Refugees
Global Voices
Focus on Technology 10.1 Refugee Use of Social Media
Muslim Immigration
Focus on Culture 10.1 Test of Immigrant Readiness in the Netherlands
Brazil
First Wave
Second Wave
Third Wave
Recent Immigration
United States
Colonial Policies on Immigration
U.S. Policies on Immigration
Contributing Countries Prior to 1800
Contributing Countries Since 1800
Global Voices
Global Voices
Immigration and Individual Identity
Focus on Culture 10.2 Successful Immigrants or Children of Immigrants
Culture Shock
Stages of Culture Shock
Symptoms
Focus on Skills 10.1 Stages of Culture Shock
Focus on Skills 10.2 Helping With Culture Shock
Reverse Culture Shock
Predictors of Acculturation
Effect of Media and Transportation Advances
Focus on Skills 10.3 Attitudes Toward Immigration
Focus on Culture 10.3 Western Union Adapts to Meet Immigrants’ Needs
Categories of Acculturation
Focus on Technology 10.2 Social Media Usage by the Garifuna
Focus on Culture 10.4 Germans’ Reminder of Home Lives On
Focus on Skills 10.4 The Ethics of Immigration
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 11 Communities: Cultures Within Cultures
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Marginalization: The Hmong
Newcomers
Refugee teenagers
Elderly refugees
Rural refugees
History
Cultural Patterns
Global Voices
Separation: Koreans in Russia
Separation: The Amish
History
Diversity Among the Amish
Values
Worldview
Activity Orientation
Focus on Technology 11.1 Amish Youth Use of Social Media
Human Nature Orientation
Relational Orientation
Indigenous Cultures
Focus on Theory 11.1 Nondominant Groups and Communication
Global Voices
Assimilation: United States
Melting Pot Concept
Integration: United States
Focus on Theory 11.2 Cultural Identity as Fixed or Evolving
English-Speaking Cultures
Asian-American Cultures
Spanish-Speaking Cultures
Focus on Skills 11.1 The Immigrant Experience
Hispanic Culture Within the U.S. Culture
Global Voices
Values
Global Voices
Cultural Identity and Media
Print
Radio
Television
Spanish-Language Internet and Social Media
Focus on Technology 11.2 Official U.S. Government Social Media
Spanish Language and Marketing
Focus on Skills 11.2 Official-Language Policies
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 12 Identity and Communities
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Argot
Specialized Vocabulary
Argot and Identity
Argot and Boundaries
Argot and Meaning
Focus on Skills 12.1 The Misuse of Linguistic Privilege
Community’s Media and Values
Focus on Theory 12.1 Standpoint Theory
Focus on Skills 12.2 Recognition of Group Identification
Examples
British Punk
Corporate Cultures
Focus on Skills 12.3 Group Values
Global Voices
Case Study: Southwest Airlines
Global Voices
Focus on Culture 12.1 On Southwest’s Culture
Case Study: Google
Focus on Culture 12.2 The Google Culture
Sexual Orientation Identities Worldwide
Attitudes About Homosexuality and Same-Sex Marriage
Cultural Bases for Attitudes
Sexual Orientation as a Basis for a Community
Sexual Orientation and Othering
Global Voices
Consequences of Othering
Media and Othering
Rejecting All Labels
Focus on Theory 12.2 Gender Performativity
From Separation to Assimilation
Evidence of Separate Status
Focus on Theory 12.3 Overlapping Group Memberships
Integration or Assimilation of Communities
Focus on Culture 12.3 Gay and Lesbian Assimilation or Integration
Focus on Technology 12.1 Coming Out on Facebook
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 13 The Impact of Cultures on Other Cultures
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Colonialism
Hawai‘i
Focus on Theory 13.1 Cultural Studies
Australia
Global Voices
Article 1
Article 8
Cultural Imperialism
Development Communication
Global Voices
Focus on Technology 13.1 Social Media Influencers
Opinion Leadership and Change Agents
Adopters
Focus on Theory 13.2 Development Communication
Change Agent Ethics
Focus on Skills 13.1 Philanthropy
Case Study: Quality Circles
Case Study: Vietnamese Nail Technicians
Cultural Icons
Cultural Hegemony
Focus on Culture 13.1 Fast-Food Colonialism
Japanese Icon in Mexico
South Korea’s Cultural Exports
U.S. Cultural Icons. Coca-Cola®
Disney
Focus on Theory 13.3 Stuart Hall’s Concept of Articulation
McDonald’s
KFC
Starbucks
Spam®
Nike
Adapting the Message
Case Study: Marketing Gerber Baby Foods Worldwide
Case Study: Religious Missionary Work in New Guinea
Examples of Glocalization
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 14 Future Challenges
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Religion
Global Voices
Class
Global Voices
Global Voices
Gender
Race, Skin Color, and Ethnicity
Civilization
Nation
Global Voices
Focus on Skills 14.1 A Friend Converts to Islam
Future Challenges to Identity
Challenges to Culture
Challenges to the Environment
Challenges From Immigration
Global Voices
Challenges From Economic Disparity
Challenges With Diversity
The Promise of New Media
A Final Word
Focus on Skills 14.2 Choosing a Guest Speaker for Improving Intercultural Communication
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Term
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Glossary
References
Index
