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INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I

HOW THE HISTORY OF THE PAST IS READ

CHAPTER II

DIVISIONS OF LIFE AND TIME

The Alaskan lamprey. The figure at the left shows the mouth and teeth.

Shells of brachiopods, one showing the loop, the other the. opening for the passage of the stalk.

CHAPTER III

THE ERA OF INVERTEBRATES

Graptolites, Dendrograptus hallianus .

A brachiopod, showing the curious spiral. loop.

Stylonurus and eurypterus, showing the structure. of the under side.

CHAPTER IV

THE COMING OF VERTEBRATES AND THE RISE OF. FISHES

Pterichthys, the wing-fish. Very much. reduced.

Ceratodus forsteri , a modern lung-fish from Australia.

The development of fins. The light shading indicates the hypothetical. original fold, the dark shading shows the present fins.

The ocean sunfish, Mola mola , a fish. which has lost its tail.

Undina, a crossopterygian fish. (After A. S. Woodward.)

The sleeper shark, Somniosus microcephalus , a large but harmless. species.

Port Jackson shark, Cestracion philippi .

Lower tooth-plate of a cochliodont shark. Somewhat reduced.. (After Worthen.)

CHAPTER V

GREAT SALAMANDERS AND THEIR ASSOCIATES

Tracks of a reptile and two amphibians. from the coal-measures. of Kansas. Reduced. (After. Marsh.)

Two vertebræ of an amphibian from the coal-measures of. Nova Scotia. Reduced. (After Marsh.)

Mastodonsaurus and Hyperodapedon.

The great Japanese salamander and his relative the American. mud-puppy. Drawn to the same scale.

CHAPTER VI

THE REIGN OF REPTILES

Leg of emu and dinosaur, showing the resemblances between. the two.

Skull of the carnivorous dinosaur Ceratosaurus . Original over. two feet long. (After Marsh.)

Skull of Thespesius, a predentate dinosaur. Original over 3 feet. long. (After Marsh.)

A vertebra of Brontosaurus.

Skull of Diplodocus.

Leg of Allosaurus, original 6. feet long. Foot of Apteryx,. original 3 inches long.

Skeleton of a carnivorous dinosaur, Ceratosaurus nasicornis ;. original 15 feet long. (After Marsh.)

A modern cycad, Cycas circinalis , from the Moluccas.

CHAPTER VII

EARLY BIRDS AND MAMMALS

Jaw, vertebra, and single tooth of Hesperornis regalis .. The vertebra and jaw are smaller than the. originals, and the tooth is twice natural size.

Jaws of Jurassic mammals, enlarged.. Amphitherium, Triconodon,. Plagiaulax.

CHAPTER VIII

DRAGONS OF SEA AND AIR

The saber fin of Protosphyræna, original 2½ feet long.

The largest living turtle, Sphargis, compared with the skull of. the fossil Archelon. The original skull is 3 feet long. (After. Wieland.)

Original five and one half feet long. From the specimen in the United States National Museum.

Skeleton of the great pterodactyl Ornithostoma compared with. the skeleton of a condor.

CHAPTER IX

THE RISE OF THE MAMMALS

Phenacodus, a typical Eocene mammal. (After Osborn.)

The clumsy Coryphodon. (After Osborn.)

Skull of Uintatherium, the largest land mammal of. the Eocene.

Comparative size of the brains of Coryphodon and Uintatherium.. (After Marsh.)

Skull of a Titanothere, Brontotherium ingens . (After Marsh.)

Heads of the first and last of the Titanotheres. (From statuettes. by Charles R. Knight.)

Skeleton of the great elothere, Elotherium crassum .. (After Marsh.)

CHAPTER X

THE LIFE OF YESTERDAY

Skull of the great saber-toothed. Smilodon.

Skull of the elk-moose Cervalces.. (After Scott.)

Tooth of Mastodon.

Tooth of Mammoth.

From a painting by J. M. Gleeson.

CHAPTER XI

LOOKING BACKWARD

BOOKS AND SPECIMENS

INDEX

MODERN SCIENCE SERIES.

Recent Books by Distinguished Specialists .

BOOKS ON GEOLOGY.

BOOKS BY CHARLES DARWIN, LL.D., F.R.S.

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.