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Table of Contents

11. Prologus, lines 17 to 21.

12. Prologus, 216 to end.

13. Passus, v. 400 to 428.

14. Passus, vi. 4 to 6.

15. Passus, vi. 107–9.

16. I am indebted to Mr. Bradshaw for having called my attention to this MS., which is now in the Cambridge University Library.

17. MS. Dd. 7. 22. I am much indebted to Mr. Bradshaw for the loan of this MS. from the Library.

18. The MS. is headed 'Extracta Rotulorum de Halimotis tentis apud Manerium de Wynselowe tempore Edwardi tercii a Con uestu' and it embraced Wynselowe, Horelwode, Greneburgh, Shipton, Nova Villa de Wynselowe, Onyng, and Muston.

19. See entry under 44 Ed. III.

20. Sub anno 35 Ed. III.

21. The number of tenants with smaller holdings was considerably larger than the number of holders of virgates and half-virgates, but their holdings were so small that in the aggregate they held a much smaller acreage than the other class.

22. Out of 43 jurymen who had served in 1346, 1347, and 1348, 27 died of the Black Death in 1348–9. Out of these 27 who died, and whose holdings therefore can be traced, 16 held virgates, 8 held half-virgates, and of the other 3 one held 1 messuage and 2 cottages, another a messuage and 15 acres in villenage (equivalent to a half-virgate), and the third 8 acres arable and 212 of meadow.

23. Cases of this are numerous after the Black Death. See in 27 Ed. III. one case, in 28 Edward III. 11 cases, in 30 Ed. III. five cases.

24. All the 153 holdings which changed hands on the death of the tenants of the Black Death were re-granted to the single heir of the deceased holder or to a reversioner, or in default of such were retained by the lord. In no case was there a subdivision by inheritance. The heriot of a virgate was generally an ox, or money payment of its value. But the amount was often reduced 'propter paupertatem;' and sometimes when a succeeding tenant could not pay, a half-acre was deducted from the virgate and held by the lord instead of the heriot.

25. See under 23 Ed. III. a record of the unanimous finding of the jury to this effect.

26. The instances of fugitive villeins are very numerous for years after the Black Death; and inquiry into cases of this class formed a prominent part of the business transacted at the halimotes.

27. There were 22 cases of 'Lerewyt' recorded on the manor rolls in the first 10 years of Edward III.

28. See a case in 25 Ed. III.

29. See a case of this in 6 Ed. III.

30. See under 6 Ed. III.

31.

Rot. Hund. II. p.	No. of virgates in each hide	Acres in a virgate	Acres in a hide
629	VI.	40	240
"	VI.	28	168
"	IV.	48	192
631	VI.	30	180
635	VI.	25	150
636	IV.	30	120
"	V.	25	125
637	VIII.	15	120
640	IV.	30	120
640	V.	25	125
645	IV.	30	120
646	V.	26	130
648	IV.	30	120
653	IV.	30	120
654	IV.	30	120
656	IV.	24	144
658	V.	25	125
660	V.	25	125
661	VI.	20	120

32. Hundred Rolls, Oxon.

II. 708.	Every virgate gives scutage	2s.	6d.	when the scutage is 40s.
2 virgates give scutage	5s.
1 virgate gives scutage	2s.	6d.
4 virgates give scutage	10s.
2 virgates give scutage	5s.
II. 709.	4 virgates give scutage	8s.
5 virgates give scutage	11s.	5d.
II. 830.	1 hide gives scutage for a fourth part of a scutum.

From these instances it is evident that normally 4 virgates = 1 hide, and 4 hides make a knight's fee.

33. Hundred Rolls, Beds.

 II. 321. Carucate of 120 acres.

 II. 324. Car"cate of 80 acres.

 II. 325. Car"cate of 100 acres.

 II. 326. Car"cate of 120 acres.

 II. 328. Carucate of 200 acres.

 II. 329. Car"cate of 80 acres.

 II. 332. Car"cate of 100 acres.

34. Hundred Rolls, Bedfordshire.—'Et sunt illi villani ita servi quod non possunt maritare filias nisi ad voluntatem domini' (II. 329).

'Nec pullos sibi pullatos mas- (II. 328).

Buckinghamshire.—'Sunt ad voluntatem domini, et ad alia facienda quæ ad servilem conditionem pertinent' (II. 335–6). And so on.

35. II. 744 b.

36. II. 758 a.

37. In another manor in Huntingdonshire certain cottiers ought to make summonses. II. 616.

38. The Latin text is badly printed here, but the original has been inspected.

39. II. 642 a.

40. II. 613 b.

41. II. 554 b.

42. II. 535 b.

43. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 71. Compare also 'Extenta Manerii:' Statutes of the Realm, i. p. 242.

44. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 72.

45. Fleta, lib. 2. c. 73.

46. Augmentation Office, Miscellaneous Books, Nos. 56 and 57.

47. The Domesday of St. Paul's, edited by Archdeacon Hale, Camden Society, 1858.

48. Pp. 38 et seq.

49. P. 42.

50. P. 64.

51. 'In manerio isto sexcies xx. acre faciunt hidam, et xxx. acre faciunt virgatam' (p. 64).

52. 'Cum vi. hidis trium solandarum' (p. 58).

53. Sutton, where mention is made of a 'solanda quæ per se habet duas hidas' (p. 93).

54. Draitone, 'cum una hida de solande' (p. 99).

55. For the sullung of Kent, see Mr. Elton's Tenures of Kent.

56. Published in the Rolls Series.

57. iii. p. cix.

58. iii. p. 55. 'Quatuor virgatæ terræ continentes unam hidam.'

59. Edited by Archdeacon Hale, in the Camden Society's Series, 1865.

60. P. 10 b.

61. P. 14 b.

62. Worcester Cartulary, p. 15 a. Of the common customs of the villeins on the manor of Newenham—to give 'Thac' on Martinmas Day; for pigs above a year old (sows excepted), 1d., and for pigs not above a year, 12d.; to sell neither ox nor horse without licence; to give 1d. toll on selling an ox or horse; also 'aid' and 'leyrwite' (fine for a daughter's incontinence); to redeem his sons, if they leave the land; to pay 'gersuma' for his daughters; no one to leave the land, nor to make his son a clerk, without licence; natives coming of age, unless they directly serve their father or mother, to perform 3 'benripæ'; and 'forinseci' (i.e. villeins not born in the manor) shall do likewise; to carry at the summons of the 'serviens' (bailiff or serjeant) besides the work: and if he carry 'ex necessitate,' to be quit of [a day's] work; to give at death his best chattel (catallum); the successor to make a fine, as he can; the widow to stay on the land as long as she continues the service; all to attend their own mill; 'Cotmanni' to guard and take prisoners [to jail].

63. 'Et idem faciet averagium apud Bristoll' et apud Wellias per totum annum, et apud Pridie, et post hokeday apud Bruggewauter, cum affro suo ducente bladum domini, caseum, et lanam, et cetera omnia quæ sibi serviens præcipere voluerit, et habebit unam quadrantem et dayuam suam quietam. Et debet facere averagium apud Axebrugge et ad navem quotiens dominus voluerit, et nichil habebit propter idem averagium.'—Proceedings of Archæological Institute, Salisbury, p. 203. App. to Notice of the Custumal of Bleadon, pp. 182–210.

64. Gloucester Cartulary, vol. iii. p. 78.

65. 'Radacre' in other places, pp. 80, 116.

66. Gloucester Cartulary, vol. iii. p. 118.

67. Worcester Cartulary, p. 14 b.

68. Worcester Cartulary, p. 15a.

69. Surtees Society, p. 57.

70. P. 57.

71. P. 59.

72. Published by the Bannatyne Club, 1846.

73. Vol. ii. p. 462.

74. P. 461.

75. P. 455.

76. P. 361.

77. P. 18.

78. Acts of Parliament of Scotland, App. V. p. 387.

79. Analysis, p. 232.

80. Id. p. 232.

81. Domesday of St. Paul's, p. 1.

82. Id. p. 7.

83. Id. pp. 28, 33, 48, 53, 86.

84. Id. pp. 99, 104.

85. Gloucester Cart. pp. 55, 61, 64.

86. Winton, vol. i. p. 400 (A.D. 1249–92).

87. Rot. Red. Kelso, p. 461.

88. Ib. p. 456.

89. P. 566.

90. P. 579.

91. P. 568. 'Villani de Southby-dyk tenent villam suam ad firmam et reddunt v. libras, et invenient viii^xx. homines ad metendum in autumpno et xxxvi. quadrigas (i.e. waggons) ad quadriganda blada apud Octonam' (i.e. a neighbouring village where was probably the bishop's chief granary) (568 a).

92. 'Faber (de Wermouth tenet) xii. acras pro ferramentis carucæ et carbones invenit' (567 a).

'Faber (de Queryndonshire) tenet xii. acras pro ferramento carucæ fabricando' (596 b).

'Faber 1 bovat' pro suo servicio' (569 a).

Compare Hundred Rolls, p. 551 a, and Domesday of St. Paul's, p. 67.

93. 'Carpentarius (de Wermouth) qui senex habet in vita sua xii. acras pro carucis et herceis (i.e. harrows) faciendis' (567 a).

94. 'Punder (de Neubotill) tenet xii. acras et habet de unaquaque caruca de Neubotill, de Bydyk et de Heryngton (i.e. three villatæ) unam travam bladi et reddit xl. (vel lx.) gallinas et ccc. ova' (p. 568 a).

95. (In Seggefeeld). 'Johannes præpositus habet ii. bovatas pro servicio suo et si servicium præposituræ dimiserit, reddit et operatur sicut alii Firmarii' (570 a).

96. P. 572.

97. P. 575.

98. Bede, bk. i. c.xxx

99. Published by the Camden Society, 1849, as an appendix to the Chronicon Petroburgense.

100. P. 157.

101. The love-feast (caritas) of St. Peter may possibly, like the fairs of St. Cuthbert, be a survival of ancient pagan sacrifices allowed to continue by the permission of Pope Gregory the Great. See Hazlitt under 'Wakes' and 'Fairs.' And Du Cange under 'Caritas.'

102. In the next place mentioned 20 men hold 20 virgates, and 13 hold 612 virgates among them, or half a virgate each; and so on. In one place 8 villani hold 1 hide and 1 virgate among them (i.e. 2 probably hold virgates, and 6 of them half-virgates), and 2 others hold 1 virgate each. In another, 20 pleni villani [of 1 virgate each] and 29 semi-villani [of half-virgate each] hold in all 34 virgates and a half. In another, 8 villani hold 8 bovates, and 3 bovates are waste. In the rest of the record it is generally assumed that the 'pleni villani' have a virgate each, and the 'dimidii villani' half a virgate each.

103. The following are instances of the villein plough teams:—

 The holders of 40 virgates hold 22 plough teams.

 The holders of 20 virgates hold 12 plough teams.

 The holders of 20 virgates hold 9 plough teams.

 The holders of 8 virgates hold 2 plough teams.

There seems to have been as nearly as possible one plough team to each two virgates, which at two oxen the virgate would give four oxen to the plough instead of eight. Speaking generally, it may therefore be said that there were on the Peterborough manors the greater ploughs of the lord's demense with their separate teams of eight oxen belonging to the lord, and the lesser ploughs of the villani, to work which two clubbed together, for which four oxen made a sufficient team; and it would seem, further, that not only had the villani to work at the great manorial ploughs, but also to do service for their lord with their own lesser ploughs in addition. This seems to explain the expressions used in the Gloucester cartulary that the demesne land of this or that manor can be ploughed with so many ploughs of eight head of oxen in the team 'cum consuetudinibus villatæ;' and also the mention in Fleta of the 'carucæ adjutrices' of the villani.

104. 'Galfridus Snow tenet quoddam tenementum nativum vocatum Snowes. … Willelmus Biesten tenet tenementum nativum vocatum Biestes,' and so on.

Extent of 'Byrchsingeseie,' near Colchester.

Leger Book of St. John the Baptist, Colchester.

Wrest Park MSS., No. 57.

I am indebted to Earl Cowper for the opportunity of referring to this interesting MS., containing valuable examples of extents of manors from the reign of Edward I., and of the services of the tenants. See particularly the extent of 'Wycham,' 17 Ed. I., as a good example of the three field system and serfdom.

105. Pp. 162–4, &c.

106. The question of the personal status of the villein tenant is a different one from that of villein tenure. Sir H. S. Maine (Early Law and Custom, p. 333) and Mr. F. Pollock (in his Notes on Early English Land Law, 'Law Mag. and Review' for May 1882) have pointed out that, according to Bracton, free men might be subject to villein tenure and its incidents (except the merchetum on marriage of a daughter) and yet personally be free, as contrasted with the nativi' or villeins by blood. Compare Bracton f. 4 b with f. 26 a and 208 b. The question of the origin of the confusion of status in serfdom will be referred to hereafter.