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1 1 Mike Jacobs, editor of the Grand Forks Herald, in remarks made publicly at the 2003 convention of the American Society of Newspaper Editors.

2 2 Jay Black, Bob Steele, and Ralph Barney, Doing Ethics in Journalism: A Handbook with Case Studies, 3rd edn. (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1999), 245–246.

3 3 “Angel appears in GF, EGF; Angel’s wings registered to Kroc,” Grand Forks Herald, May 19, 1997.

4 4 “Flood of complaints follows newspaper’s disclosure of donor” and “On the radio waves,” Grand Forks Herald, May 20, 1997.

5 5 Black, Steele, and Barney, Doing Ethics in Journalism, 246.

6 6 “The Herald’s first commandment: never hold the news,” Grand Forks Herald, May 20, 1997.

7 7 Jacobs, remarks at the American Society of Newspaper Editors convention, 2003.

8 8 Megan Brenan, “Americans’ trust in mass media edges down to 41%,” Gallup, Sept. 26, 2019. Telephone survey of a random sample of 1,525 US adults Sept. 3-15, 2019.

9 9 Ibid.

10 10 Jeffrey Gottfried, Mason Walker, Amy Mitchell, “Americans see skepticism of news media as healthy, say public trust in the institution can improve,” Pew Research Center, Aug. 31, 2020. Online survey of 10,300 US adults Feb. 18-Mar. 2, 2020. Everyone who took part is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel, an online survey panel recruited through national, random sampling.

11 11 Ibid.

12 12 Gallup-Knight Foundation, “American views 2020: Trust, media, and democracy.” Random-sample mail survey of 20,046 US adults Nov. 8, 2019-Feb. 16, 2020.

13 13 R.J. Reinhart, “Nurses continue to rate highest in honesty, ethics,” Gallup, Jan. 6, 2020. Telephone survey of 1,205 US adults Dec. 2-15, 2019.

14 14 Roy Peter Clark, “The public bias against the press,” Poynter, Jan. 28, 2008.

15 15 Black, Steele, and Barney, Doing Ethics in Journalism, 17–18.

16 16 William F. Woo, Letters from the Editor: Lessons on Journalism and Life (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007), 24.

17 17 Kathleen Carroll in a telephone interview with Gene Foreman, Nov. 2, 2007.

18 18 James M. Naughton in a telephone interview with Gene Foreman, Sept. 14, 2007.

19 19 Gallup/Knight Foundation, “American views 2020”.

20 20 Robert J. Haiman, Best Practices for Newspaper Journalists (Arlington, VA: Freedom Forum’s Free Press/Fair Press Project, 2000), 2.

21 21 Mark Jurkowitz, “Anna and the astronaut trigger a week of tabloid news,” Pew Research Center, Feb. 12, 2007;“Anna Nicole Smith – anatomy of a feeding frenzy,” Pew Research Center, Apr. 4, 2007. For its weekly content index, Pew analyzed content from 48 news outlets representing five media sectors: newspapers, network television, cable television, websites, and radio.

22 22 Ibid.

23 23 Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect, 3rd edn. (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2014), 17.

24 24 McBride’s experience is related in Kristen Hare, “Still slip-sliding: Gallup Poll ranks journalists low on honesty, ethics,” Poynter, Dec. 17, 2013.

25 25 Renita Coleman and Lee Wilkins, The Moral Media: How Journalists Reason about Ethics (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005), 39.

26 26 Leon Nelson Flynt, The Conscience of the Newspaper: A Case Book in the Principles and Problems of Journalism (New York: Appleton, 1925), 7–11.