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Preface

A history of the indigenous birds of the Hawaiian Islands upon which I was engaged was laid aside when with, the war a large influx of population brought a demand for a more popular work on the birds of Hawaii. No complete work on these birds has been published since 1903, so I have made an attempt to fill this need.

Though not a professional ornithologist I have for many years been keenly interested in the Hawaiian birds. I was closely associated with the investigations of the Hawaiian birds in the last two decades of the nineteenth, century, having been assistant to Mr. H. C. Palmer, Lord Rothschild's collector, for 15 months of collecting on these islands, and closely associated with Dr. R. C. L. Perkins during his 10 years of investigation of the land fauna of the main group and afterwards in his 18 years of work in economic entomology in connection with Hawaii.

The several investigations of the former period resulted in the publication of "Birds of the Sandwich Islands" (1890-99) by Scott B. Wilson and A. H. Evans; "Avifauna of Laysan" (1893-1900) by Walter Rothschild; "Birds of the Hawaiian Islands" (1902) by H. W. Henshaw; and "Aves" (in "Fauna Hawaiiensis," 1903) by R. C. L Perkins. All these works are long out of print

My work for 40 years was much in the open country and closely associated with the Hawaiian forests and their birds. Since 1920 I have been honorary Associate in Ornithology with Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, furnishing a report to that institution each year. In cooperation with the Bishop Museum, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry and Hui Manu (the latter a society for importing birds), I made a personal bird survey of the main group (1935-37) spending at least a month on each forested island. I am therefore able to connect the investigations of the 1890's with the renewed activities, of recent years in connection with the avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands.

In 1937 in cooperation with the United States Biological Survey (now the Fish and Wildlife Service) I inaugurated leg banding of sea birds on local offshore islands and this was later extended to eight outer islands reaching to south of the Equator. One of my outlying island cooperative bird banding associates was killed by Japanese shell fire at the start of the war. Of course this work is at present to some extent retarded. It is hoped that after the war it will be much extended in the Pacific and valuable information thus obtained on the movements of the Hawaiian sea birds.

Sometimes a sentiment appears against bird collecting. But as a matter of fact bird collectors are among the strongest advocates for bird conservation and protection. The number of birds taken by collectors is extremely small compared with what are lost by preventable causes. Localities are sometimes declared sanctuaries and left to themselves. Under primeval conditions the balance of nature would take care of the birds. But as a rule the balance of nature has already been disrupted by man. So if the birds are to be saved sanctuaries must be under supervision.

The term "Main Group" when referred to in this book means the group of large islands from Hawaii to Niihau; "Hawaiian Chain" applies to the chain of islands running northwest from the main group to Ocean Kure Island.

The use of "we" refers to the Rothschild expedition. Measurements of total lengths of birds are taken from various works as a partial guide for comparison. Without knowing the system by which these measurements were taken they can be considered only as approximate, especially in small perching birds. A bird measured in the flesh by contour from tip of bill to end of tail, as practiced by the Rothschild expedition, may differ considerably from the measurement in a straight line from tip of bill to end of tail as used by some other authors. If taken from a dried skin, much depends on the system of preparing and filling it. With rare birds Rothschild sometimes gives the measurement in the flesh as well as in the dried specimen but in common birds the difference is often greater through hurried preparation under difficult field conditions. Measurements I have taken in recent years, as in the imported doves quoted, were taken in the flesh following the curvature.

The principal measures taken for protection of the Hawaiian birds have been the passing by the Hawaiian Legislature in 1907, of a law to protect the native perching birds, and a proclamation by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1909 setting aside the Hawaiian Chain of Islands running from the main group to Ocean or Kure Island, except Midway, as a Bird Reservation. Both partially failed in their object. The first was strictly enforced, but it could not exclude the bird diseases and insured no opportunities to study or combat those that might already have been introduced. The other failed in part for lack of facilities for inspection and care. Research work of late years carried on under Superintendent Edward G. Wingate at the Hawaii National Park will be of considerable help in saving the remnant of our interesting forest birds.

My thanks are due to Major Edwin H. Bryan, Jr. for permission to use his check list of Hawaiian Birds as published in "The Elepaio" and to Mr. Edward L. Caum for permission to use material from his "Exotic Birds of Hawaii," which have saved me a great deal of work, to the Fish and Wild-life Service, in connection with birdbanding, to Mr. Edward G. Wingate for responsive assistance in connection with the Hawaiian birds of the Hawaii National Park and for permission to use his foreman's reports, to Lieutenant Richard B. Black and officers of'the Navy in facilitating research work on Hawaiian sea birds on' the southern islands, to the youths and others who have cooperated with me in birdbanding research on local and outlying islands, to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the U. S. Pacific Fleet, for response to appeals for bird protection on the offshore and outlying islands under the wartime control of the navy, thus assisting in future research work, as well as in conservation of the birds.

For information I am indebted to Mrs. Dora P. Isenberg, Mrs. Helen Shiras Baldwin, Messrs. C. S. Childs, Paul H. Baldwin, Walter R. Donaghho, Fred Hadden, T. M. Blackman and many others.

Thanks to bird lovers are due of Mr. F. F. Baldwin, Mr. W. H. Mc-Inerny, the Hui Manu, the local Press, The Honolulu Audubon Society and others for assisting in procuring through the 1939 Session of the Hawaiian Legislature a two-year closed season for the shore and migratory birds. This has now expired but open shooting seasons in the Territory of Hawaii are in abeyance for the duration of the war. After the war the question will undoubtedly be taken up again. It is expected that the Honolulu Audubon Society will take a leading hand in this.

The Honolulu Audubon Society was inaugurated by Mr. Charles M Dunn early in 1939- He also started "The Elepaio," the publication of the Society, which will fill a long felt want.

In the natural arrangement of the various kinds of birds, the classification is based on the degree of relationship of one kind with another. Thus birds are members, first, of the great Division of the VERTEBRATA, which comprises all animals that possess a spinal column. A somewhat closer grouping segregates them into the Class AVES, which includes all the birds, living and extinct The Class is subdivided into ORDERS, the Orders again into FAMILIES, the Families into GENERA and the Genera into SPECIES. Each of these subdivisions refines the grouping a little further, and many ornithologists even divide the Species again into SUBSPECIES. In the technical names of the birds listed here, printed in Bold-face, the first name is the Genus, the second is the Species. The third name, if there is one, is the Subspecies. The name in ordinary type following the technical name is that of the person who first published a description of the species in scientific literature. Where the describer's name is in parenthesis it denotes that there has been some change made in it afterwards.

In the treatment that follows the birds are grouped according to their natural relationships, but only in the section dealing with the native birds are the orders (names ending in formes) indicated. In the sections on the occasional visitants and the imported birds this is omitted, the largest division noted being the family (names ending in idae). Many birds are known by several vernacular or common names; in this work the best known or the most appropriate are. used as the major headings for the discussion of the individual species, the others, whether English or Hawaiian or both being given in italics. Where the significance of the Hawaiian name is known, or the reason for its application, that too is noted as an item that might be of interest, especially to those to whom the Hawaiian tongue is completely unknown. No attempt has been made to include the technical synonymy, as a complete listing would be unduly cumbersome and out of place in a work of this sort, and a partial list would be of no value to anyone.

In the arrangement of this book and in the nomenclature I have followed a checklist carefully worked out by Major Edwin H. Bryan, Jr., Curator of Collections with the Bishop Museum and published in "The Elepaio," the organ of the Honolulu Audubon Society. To save space for information on the native Hawaiian birds I have reduced descriptions and have not gone into detail on occasional visitants and imported birds as these can be found in other books, For the native birds, Wilson, Rothschild and Henshaw give detailed descriptions and Edward L. Caum gives good descriptions of the imported birds in his "Exotic Birds of Hawaii." The colored plates herein, adapted in the main from those of Wilson and Rothschild, give a good idea of the Hawaiian birds.

Books consulted are: Birds of the Sandwich Islands, by S. B. Wilson and A. H. Evans, London, 1890-1899; Avifauna of Laysan and the Adjacent Islands, by Walter Rothschild, London, 1893-1900; Birds of the Hawaiian Islands, by H. W. Henshaw, Honolulu, 1902; Aves (Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 1, part 4) by R. C. L Perkins, Cambridge, 1903; Exotic Birds of Hawaii (B. P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, vol. 10 No. 9) by E. L. Caum, Honolulu, 1933; Familiar Hawaiian Birds, by J. d'A. Northwood, Honolulu, 1940; Check List of Birds Reported from the Hawaiian Islands, compiled by E. H. Bryan, Jr., published serially in The Elepaio (vol. 1 no. 12, April 1941 to vol. 2 no. 12, June 1942); Reports of Paul H. Baldwin to the Superintendent of the Hawaii National Park, 194l; Game Birds of California, by J. Grinnell, H. C Bryant and T. I. Storer, Berkeley, 1918; Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, by O. Davie, Philadelphia, 1898; Birds of America edited by T. G. Pearson, New York, 1936; The Book of Birds, by the National Geographic Society, Washington, 1927; New Zealand Birds, by W. R. B. Oliver, Wellington, 1930; What Bird Is That? by N. W. Cayley, Sydney, 1932; The Bird Book, by N. Blanchan, New York, 1939; Birds of the Ocean, by W. B. Alexander, New York, 1928; jungle Fowls from Pacific Islands (B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 108) by S. C Ball, Honolulu, 1933; various publications by W. Alanson Bryan; in addition much use has been made of Perkins' unpublished journals and correspondence, and my own field notes subsequent to December, 1890.

I am indebted to a number of persons for the use of the photographs reproduced herein. These are acknowledged individually.