Читать книгу Dynamic Spectrum Access Decisions - George F. Elmasry - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Hybrid DSA decision making.Figure 1.2 DSA processes.Figure 1.3 Conceptual view of DSA decision‐making process timing.Figure 1.4 The involvedness of the DSA decision‐making process.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Sensing a wide band of spectrum.Figure 2.2 Two‐dimensional spectrum sensing.Figure 2.3 Three‐Dimensional spectrum sensing.Figure 2.4 Leveraging signal receiver reconstruction of the received signal ...Figure 2.5 Time domain energy detection.Figure 2.6 Frequency domain energy detection.Figure 2.7 Signal detection using matched filters.Figure 2.8 Signal detection using autocorrelation.Figure 2.9 Signal sampling before autocorrelation.Figure 2.10 Direct sequence spread spectrum modulation.Figure 2.11 Frequency‐hopping spread spectrum signal modulation.Figure 2.12 Fast hopping where three hops occur during the modulation of one...Figure 2.13 Cooperative spectrum sensing with MIMO DFC.Figure 2.14 Geographical separation creating opportunistic spectrum use for ...Figure 2.15 Geographical separation creating the DSA of a limited set of fre...Figure 2.16 The hidden node problem.Figure 2.17 Directional secondary user's leveraging of the primary user's be...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Single‐threshold ROC model leading to false alarm and misdetectio...Figure 3.2 Different ROC curves for different SNIR (not to scale).Figure 3.3 4‐ary PSK and 8‐ary PSK.Figure 3.4 Decisions zones for 8‐ary PSK.Figure 3.5 PDF contour of a PSK signal and perpendicular bisector between tw...Figure 3.6 Hypothesizing the presence of noise and interfering signal with P...Figure 3.7 Interference from some RF neighbors.Figure 3.8 Directional sensing with multisector antenna.Figure 3.9 Example of a single‐sector radiation pattern corresponding to the...Figure 3.10 Cooperative distributed estimation of area of interference.Figure 3.11 Cooperative estimation of overlay spatial use of different frequ...Figure 3.12 A centralized arbitrator use of a larger frequency pool to overc...Figure 3A.1 Ideal labeling of a dataset.Figure 3A.2 A classifier outcome of the dataset.Figure 3A.3 Specifying FP and FN rates.Figure 3A.4 An example of a ROC curve in the ROC space.Figure 3A.5 ROC space working areas and thresholds.Figure 3A.6 Multiple classifier ROC cuves.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Trade space to be considered for hybrid DSA decision fusion.Figure 4.2 Local decision fusion based on single‐dimensional knowledge base.Figure 4.3 Decision fusion based on two‐dimensional knowledge base.Figure 4.4 The interface between a cognitive routing engine and a cognitive ...Figure 4.5 Pointing directions between two nodes.Figure 4.6 Local and gateway nodes cognitive engines.Figure 4.7 Conceptual view of how control traffic volume depends on updating...Figure 4.8 The use of a centralized DSA arbitrator in a hybrid DSA system of...Figure 4.9 The use of a centralized DSA arbitrator can further optimize spec...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The construct of DSA as a set of cloud services in network hierar...Figure 5.2 The generic cognitive engine representation that can be used at a...Figure 5.3 The main thread in the central arbitrator.Figure 5.4 Gateway DSA cognitive engine thread for a frequency change.Figure 5.5 Gateway DSA engine upward propagation of spectrum sensing informa...Figure 5.6 The DSA cloud services model.Figure 5.7 Iterative process to create a workable DSA service agreement.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Standalone mm‐wave 5G access.Figure 6.2 Nonstandalone mm‐wave 5G access.Figure 6.3 5G access with the mm‐wave as an enabler.Figure 6.4 Traditional cellular frequency spatial separation planning.Figure 6.5 Single flow in a cell area of coverage.Figure 6.6 Multi‐flow, each with a single hop to a different cell.Figure 6.7 Transmission capacity general model. Triangles represent idle nod...Figure 6.8 5G cell overlay over cellular base station.Figure 6.9 5G FD communications with different stages of noise cancellation....Figure 6.10 5G protocol stack.Figure 6.11 The compound overlay of 5G entities in a 5G deployment.Figure 6.12 5G use of the macrocell as the fusion center.Figure 6.13 Autonomous SAs in a distributed cooperative fashion and their co...Figure 6.14 The end use as the final arbitrator.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Adapting the 5G protocol stack into a military secure stack with ...Figure 7.2 Selecting a path to avoid a compromised area through beamforming....

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The power spectral density of a typical signal versus frequency.³Figure 8.2 The IEEE frequency band chart.Figure 8.3 Adapting a standard platform co‐site interference analysis proces...Figure 8.4 Creating DSA co‐site interference lookup tables for external syst...Figure 8.5 Creating different co‐site lookup tables for an external system f...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Electromagnetic spectrum competition. From Techniques for ...Figure 9.2 The electromagnetic operational environment (EMOE). From T...Figure 9.3 Army spectrum management operations process. From Techniqu...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Use of the electromagnetic spectrum. From Techniques for ...Figure 10.2 CEMA working group organizational framework. From Techniq...Figure 10.3 Key SMO inputs to the MDMP. From Techniques for Spectrum ...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Spectrum situational awareness system and CJSMPT support ...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Interagency workflow in a joint task force environment. F...Figure 12.2 JFMO structure. From Techniques for Spectrum Management O...Figure 12.4 Spectrum manager inputs for a JSME. From Techniques for S...Figure 12.5 Spectrum management support during domestic operations. F...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 S2AS and supporting equipment. From Techniques for Spectr...Figure 13.2 S2AS in use by Soldiers. From Techniques for Spectrum Man...Figure 13.3 S2A2 functional relationships. From Techniques for Spectr...

14 Chapter 13aFigure A.1 The SMO to EW collaboration process. From Techniques for Spectrum...Figure A.2 The G‐6 or S‐6 spectrum manager's tasks. From Techniques for Spec...Figure A.3 The CEMA element tasks. From Techniques for Spectrum Management O...Figure A.4 SMO collaboration tasks. From Techniques for Spectrum Management ...

15 Chapter 13cFigure C.1 Waveform characteristics. From Techniques for Spectrum Managemen...Figure C.2 Wavelength relationship. From Techniques for Spectrum Management...Figure C.3 Transmission and propagation of electromagnetic waves. From Tech...

16 Chapter 13eFigure E.1 World military time zone designator chart. From Technique...

17 Chapter 14Figure 14B.1 —Illustration of advanced radio system concepts for radio trans...Figure 14B.2 —Relationship of radio types: Software‐defined radio, hardware ...Figure 14B.3 —Relationship of radio types: Addition of cognitive radio and a...Figure 14B.4 —Relationship of radio types: Addition of reconfigurable radio ...Figure 14B.5 —Relationship of radio types: Cross‐reference of permitted radi...Figure 14B.6 —Components of an adaptive radio that employs a policy‐based co...Figure 14B.7 —Key technology components of representative policy‐based radio...Figure 14C.1 —Conceptual timeline for advanced radio system technologies. Fr...

18 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Overview of the interference and coexistence analysis process. F...Figure 15.2 An interference and coexistence analysis initially is characteri...Figure 15.3 Process diagram of the scenario definition clause. From IEEE Rec...Figure 15.4 Frequency relationships. From IEEE Recommended Practice for the ...Figure 5.5 Categories of spectrum cooperation between systems. From IEEE Rec...Figure 15.6 Process diagram for criteria for interference clause. From IEEE ...Figure 15.7 User/measurement event graph. From IEEE Recommended Practice for...Figure 15.8 Harmful interference categories. From IEEE Recommended Practice ...Figure 15A.1 Standard atmosphere with knife‐edge shape peak at 1400 m. From ...Figure 15A.2 Atmosphere defined by Payerne radiosonde profile of Oct. 15, 20...Figure 15B.1 Conceptual model of RF interference level. From IEEE Recommende...Figure 15D.1 Capacity as a function of the monitoring threshold limit (free ...Figure 15F.1 Probability of missed detection as a function of distance with ...

19 c16Figure 16.1 Heterogeneous wireless environment considered in IEEE Std 1900.4...Figure 16.2 —System architecture. From IEEE Standard for Architectural Build...Figure 16.3 IEEE 1900.4 reference model. From IEEE Standard for Architectura...Figure 16.4 Functional architecture. From IEEE Standard for Architectural Bu...Figure 16.5 Common base class. From IEEE Standard for Architectural Building...Figure 16.6 Policy classes. From IEEE Standard for Architectural Building Bl...Figure 16.7 Terminal‐related classes. From IEEE Standard for Architectural B...Figure 16.8 CWN‐related classes. From IEEE Standard for Architectural Buildi...Figure 16.9 Single operator scenario. From IEEE Standard for Architectural B...Figure 16.10 Multiple operator scenario 1 (NRM is inside operator). From IEE...Figure 16.11 Multiple operator scenario 2 (NRM is outside operators). From I...Figure 16.12 Collecting context information procedure for single operator sc...Figure 16.13 Collecting context information procedure for multiple operator ...Figure 16.14 —Collecting context information procedure for multiple operator...Figure 16.15 —Generating spectrum assignment policies procedure for single o...Figure 16.16 —Generating spectrum assignment policies procedure for multiple...Figure 16.17 —Generating spectrum assignment policies procedure for multiple...Figure 16.18 —Making spectrum assignment decision procedure for single opera...Figure 16.19 —Making spectrum assignment decision procedure for multiple ope...Figure 16.20 —Making spectrum assignment decision procedure for multiple ope...Figure 16.21 —Performing spectrum access on network side procedure for singl...Figure 16.22 —Performing spectrum access on network side procedure for multi...Figure 16.23 —Performing spectrum access on network side procedure for multi...Figure 16.24 —Generating radio resource selection policies procedure for sin...Figure 16.25 —Generating radio resource selection policies procedure for mul...Figure 16.26 —Performing reconfiguration on terminal side procedure for sing...Figure 16.27 —Example of dynamic spectrum assignment use case realization. F...Figure 16.28 —Example of dynamic spectrum sharing use case realization. From...Figure 16.29 —Example of distributed radio resource usage optimization use c...Figure 16A.1 —Dynamic spectrum assignment: single operator scenario. From IE...Figure 16A.2 —Dynamic spectrum assignment: multiple operator scenario 1 (NRM...Figure 16A.3 —Dynamic spectrum assignment: multiple operator scenario 1 (NRM...Figure 16A.4 —Dynamic spectrum assignment: multiple operator scenario 2 (NRM...Figure 16A.5 —Dynamic spectrum assignment: multiple operator scenario 2 (NRM...Figure 16A.6 —Dynamic spectrum sharing. From IEEE Standard for Architectural...Figure 16A.7 —Distributed radio resource usage optimization. From IEEE Stand...Figure 16B.1 —UML class diagram for common base class. From IEEE Standard fo...Figure 16B.2 —UML class diagram for policy classes. From IEEE Standard for A...Figure 16B.3 —UML class diagram for terminal classes. From IEEE Standard for...Figure 16B.4 —UML class diagram for CWN classes. From IEEE Standard for Arch...Figure 16B.5 —UML class diagram defining relations between terminal and CWN ...Figure 16D.1 —UML class diagram for utility classes. From IEEE Standard for ...Figure 16D.2 —Description of example. From IEEE Standard for Architectural B...Figure 16E.1 —Single operator scenario, deployment example 1. From IEEE Stan...Figure 16E.2 —Single operator scenario, deployment example 2. From IEEE Stan...Figure 16E.3 —Single operator scenario, deployment example 3. From IEEE Stan...Figure 16E.4 —Single operator scenario, deployment example 4. Fr...Figure 16E.5 —Deployment example for multiple operator scenario 1. From IEEE...

20 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Presentation of PBDRS functional architecture. From IEEE Standar...Figure 17A.1 DSA policy management example. From IEEE Standard for Policy La...Figure 17B.1 Example cognitive engine mapped to MAC layer. From IEEE Standar...Figure 17C.1 Example of RFC3060 policy management framework with mapping of ...Figure 17E.1 Example policy management sequence diagram. From IEEE Standard ...Figure 17E.2 Example radio configuration sequence diagram. From IEEE Standar...

21 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 —IEEE 1900.6 interfaces between spectrum sensors and their clien...Figure 18.2 —Single CE/DA and single Sensor scenario. From IEEE Standard for...Figure 18.3 —Single CE/DA and multiple Sensors scenario. From IEEE Standard ...Figure 18.4 —Multiple CE/DA and single Sensor scenario. From IEEE Standard f...Figure 18.5 —Reference model of the IEEE 1900.6 interface. From IEEE Standar...Figure 18.6 —View of reference model when the client of Sensor is a CE or DA...Figure 18.8 —View of reference model for sensing‐related information exchang...Figure 18.9 —An implementation example of the IEEE 1900.6 service. From IEEE...Figure 18.10 —Structure of control commands without (top) and with (bottom) ...Figure 18.11 —Control command chaining. From IEEE Standard for Spectrum Sens...Figure 18.12 —Control command parameter structure without including paramete...Figure 18.13 —UML class diagram of control information classes. From IEEE St...Figure 18.14 —UML class diagram of sensor information classes. From IEEE Sta...Figure 18.15 —UML class diagram of sensing information classes. From IEEE St...Figure 18.16 —UML class diagram of regulatory requirement classes. From IEEE...Figure 18.17 —State diagram of IEEE 1900.6 logical entity. From IEEE Standar...Figure 18.18 —(a) Information exchange between service users of logical inte...Figure 18.19 —Sensing information exchange procedure between CE and Sensor (...Figure 18.20 —Sensing information exchange procedure between DA and Sensor (...Figure 18.21 —Sensing information exchange procedure between CE and DA. From...Figure 18.22 —Sensing information exchange procedure between CE_A and CE_B. Fr...Figure 18.23 —Sensing information exchange procedure between S_A and S_B. From...Figure 18A.1 —Heterogeneous wireless environment considered in IEEE Std 1900...Figure 18A.2— —IEEE 1900.4‐2009 use cases. From IEEE Standard for Spectrum S...Figure 18A.3 —Examples of distributed sensing with three spectrum sensors: (...Figure 18A.4 —Sensing models of NCM. From IEEE Standard for Spectrum Sensing...Figure 18A.5 —Sensing models of MCM. From IEEE Standard for Spectrum Sensing...Figure 18A.6 —Extension of model E in NCM and model F and G in MCM. From IEE...Figure 18C.1 —Example OSI model for sensing‐related information exchange bet...Figure 18C.2 —Architecture of a sensor that can exchange sensing‐related inf...Figure 18C.3 —Block diagram showing a wired spectrum sensor to a CE capable ...Figure 18C.4 —Block diagram showing a spectrum sensor wired to a non‐CE capa...Figure 18C.5 —Block diagram showing a spectrum sensor connected in a wireles...Figure 18C.6 —Block diagram showing a smart spectrum sensor connected in a w...Figure 18C.7 —Block diagram showing a spectrum sensor connected in a wireles...Figure 18D.1 —Scope and usage of DA. From IEEE Standard for Spectrum Sensing...Figure 18D.2 —DA has interface to regulatory repository. From IEEE Standard ...Figure 18D.3 —DA includes the regulatory repository. From IEEE Standard for ...

22 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Reference model of an IEEE 1900.7 device. From IEEE Standard for...Figure 19.2 General MAC frame format. From IEEE Standard for Radio Interface...Figure 19.3 Message sequence chart describing MAC data service. From IEEE St...Figure 19.4 Message sequence chart describing association procedure. From IE...Figure 19.5 Message sequence chart describing disassociation procedure. From...Figure 19.6 Timing structure of MAC frame. From IEEE Standard for Radio Inte...Figure 19.7 Frame transaction examples. From IEEE Standard for Radio Interfa...Figure 19.8 Transmission scenarios. From IEEE Standard for Radio Interface f...Figure 19.9 Scrambler schematic diagram including initialization vector. Fro...Figure 19.10 Rate 1/2 convolutional code. From IEEE Standard for Radio Inter...Figure 19.11 BPSK, QPSK, 16‐QAM, and 64‐QAM constellation bit encoding. From...Figure 19.12 Subcarrier mapping. From IEEE Standard for Radio Interface for ...Figure 19.13 FBMC filtering pre‐processing. From IEEE Standard for Radio Int...Figure 19.14 FBMC filtering. From IEEE Standard for Radio Interface for Whit...Figure 19.15 Filter coefficient indexation. From IEEE Standard for Radio Int...Figure 19.16 Example of FBMC preamble and payload. From IEEE Standard for Ra...Figure 19.17 Spectrum mask example. From IEEE Standard for Radio Interface f...Figure 19A.1 An example of transmission channel selection procedure. From IE...