Читать книгу A Field Guide to British Rivers - George Heritage - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Water Framework Directive status summary for UK Rivers (2008–2015...Figure 1.2 Cause of hydromorphic degradation in the UK.Figure 1.3 Typical heavily modified lowland system with artificial flood pro...Figure 1.4 Typical heavily modified upland system, straightened, walled, and...Figure 1.5 Semi‐natural multi‐channel network on the River Narr.Figure 1.6 Laterally migrating active channel on the River Mallart, Syre, no...Figure 1.7 Active reach of the River Glen at Kirknewton, Northumberland, sho...Figure 1.8 Wandering reach of the River South Esk, Scotland, showing sedimen...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 River types on the sediment supply continuum.Figure 2.2 Channel type change with river gradient, sedimentology, and disch...Figure 2.3 The River Styles typologyFigure 2.4 The Extended River typologyFigure 2.5 Temperate river typology used in this volume.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Continuum of potential change routes and feedback controls for ri...Figure 3.2 Stream head, Thinhope Burn, South Tyne, UK.Figure 3.3 Subsurface hydrology in the headwaters of Thinhope Burn catchment...Figure 3.4 Relationships between catchment areas and local channel head slop...Figure 3.5 Moorland seepage zone on the Lagrae Burn, a tributary of the Rive...Figure 3.6 Bedrock step on the upper River Wharfe, Buckden, North Yorkshire....Figure 3.7 Boulder step reach of the Church Beck, above Coniston, Lake Distr...Figure 3.8 Bedrock pool reach on the Brockle Beck, which flows into Derwentw...Figure 3.9 Overland flow channel, Stonethwaite Beck, Borrowdale, Lake Distri...Figure 3.10 The bedrock channel systemFigure 3.11 Boxplots showing the (a) channel slope (b) total stream power ch...Figure 3.12 Bedrock gorge section on the Lagrae Burn, a tributary of the Riv...Figure 3.13 Bedrock outcrop and new sediment delivered to the channel on the...Figure 3.14 Bedrock‐controlled cascade on the Lagrae Burn Scotland.Figure 3.15 Bedrock‐controlled rapid on the upper reaches of the River Calde...Figure 3.16 Bedrock‐influenced pool on Church Beck, Coniston, Lake District....Figure 3.17 High‐gradient stream long‐profile morphology (a) rapid channel m...Figure 3.18 Simplified representation of flow over step‐pool morphologyFigure 3.19 Boulder‐dominated berm feature, right‐hand bank looking downstre...Figure 3.20 Boulder splay/alluvial fan deposit, Millkeld Sike, Helton, Lake ...Figure 3.21 Narrowed valley and shifted channel linked to valley side slumpi...Figure 3.22 Waterfall on the Black Devon, Fife, Scotland.Figure 3.23 Small plunge pool and associated bar, Church Beck, Coniston, Lak...Figure 3.24 Bedrock step, Glen Cloy, Carradale, Kintyre, Scotland.Figure 3.25 Boulder step reach, Church Beck, Lake District.Figure 3.26 Bedrock pool, Brockle Beck, Lake District.Figure 3.27 Lag boulders in the channel on the Stonethwaite Beck, Lake Distr...Figure 3.28 Boulder rapid formed from material delivered from a steep headwa...Figure 3.29 Cobble/boulder rapid formed in situ from material delivered from...Figure 3.30 Coarse lateral bar stored on bedrock, Brockle Beck, Lake Distric...Figure 3.31 Lee bar deposit downstream of a bedrock outcrop on the South Esk...Figure 3.32 Sand/silt drapes along the channel margin of the South Esk, Scot...Figure 3.33 Slope character for different channel types (a) Bed slope with 9...Figure 3.34 Characterisation of step‐pool morphologyFigure 3.35 Boulder and cobble pool‐rapid on the upper River Garnock, Kilbir...Figure 3.36 Boulder cascade on the upper River Caldew, Mosedale, Lake Distri...Figure 3.37 Hydraulically controlled cobble/boulder rapids, River Glen, Kirk...Figure 3.38 Outcrop‐induced rapid on the Upper Garnock, Kilbirnie, Ayrshire,...Figure 3.39 Erosion‐induced bank collapse leading to an instream rapid, Rive...Figure 3.40 Plane‐bed‐rapid section on the South Esk, Brechin, Scotland.Figure 3.41 Coarse sediment pool upstream of a rapid on Swindale Beck, Lake ...Figure 3.42 Tributary fans along the valley margin of the upper River Caldew...Figure 3.43 Palaeo‐channels preserved across the now‐inactive wandering terr...Figure 3.44 Formerly active zone of the wandering gravel‐bed River Coquet, R...Figure 3.45 Active zone on the wandering gravel‐bed River Coquet, Rothbury, ...Figure 3.46 Local knickpoint erosion caused by channel avulsion, River Glen,...Figure 3.47 Stabilised inset berm on the wandering reach of the River Malart...Figure 3.48 Well‐preserved palaeo‐channel on the River Glen, Kirknewton, Nor...Figure 3.49 Recent cutoff channel on the River Dee, Ballater, Scotland.Figure 3.50 Chute cutoff channel on the Carradale Water, Kintyre, Scotland....Figure 3.51 Multiple gravel splay deposits on the River Dee, Ballater, Scotl...Figure 3.52 Bar and islands, Wooler Water, Wooler, Northumberland.Figure 3.53 Point bar composed of fine sediments, River Dee, Scotland.Figure 3.54 Coherent sub‐bar depositional units. River Dee, Scotland.Figure 3.55 Chute channels running across a coarse sediment bar. River South...Figure 3.56 Chute channels re‐working a sediment bar on the River Coquet, Sh...Figure 3.57 Long lateral bar deposit on a wandering reach of the River Dee, ...Figure 3.58 Stalling mid‐channel bar. River Dee, Ballater, Scotland.Figure 3.59 Mid‐channel bar formed from a dissected point bar. River Dee, Ba...Figure 3.60 Transverse bar feature on the River Naver, Sutherland, Scottish ...Figure 3.61 Transverse bar feature on the River Derwent, Workington, Cumbria...Figure 3.62 Multiple riffle units on a wandering section of the River Nith, ...Figure 3.63 Riffle unit on the Carradale Water, Kintyre, Scotland.Figure 3.64 Multiple rapid units dissecting coarse sediment bars on the wand...Figure 3.65 Cobble rapid on the River South Esk, Brechin, Scotland.Figure 3.66 Isolated large wood with associated sediment deposition. River D...Figure 3.67 Large wood integrated into the geomorphology of the Carradale Wa...Figure 3.68 Large wood jam on the leading edge of a bar/island on the Wooler...Figure 3.69 Cantilever failure along a river cliff on the River Ehen, Egremo...Figure 3.70 Rotational bank failure along the River Ribble, Long Preston, Yo...Figure 3.71 Older inactive floodplain/terrace zone outside of the current an...Figure 3.72 Active anabranched floodplain on the Carradale Water, Kintyre, S...Figure 3.73 Typical wooded secondary channel on the River Naver, Sutherland,...Figure 3.74 Typical sub‐channel on an anastomosed reach of the Carradale Wat...Figure 3.75 Vegetation‐induced bed scour on the Carradale Water, Kintyre, Sc...Figure 3.76 Wooded island/bar on the College Burn, near Kirknewton, Northumb...Figure 3.77 Isolated open water on the River Wear. Barnard Castle, County Du...Figure 3.78 Pool section, Carradale Water, Kintyre, Scotland.Figure 3.79 Well‐developed pool on the Carradale Water, Kintyre, Scotland.Figure 3.80 Riffle section, River Ure, Ripon, Yorkshire.Figure 3.81 Transverse bar feature on the Carradale Water, Kintyre, Scotland...Figure 3.82 Point bar feature on the Carradale Water, Kintyre, Scotland.Figure 3.83 Vegetation‐induced stalled bar/riffle feature on the Carradale W...Figure 3.84 Terrace feature on a ponded anabranching reach of the River Wear...Figure 3.85 Inactive floodplain on the River Freshney, Grimsby, Lincolnshire...Figure 3.86 Active floodplain on Old Wark Dam, Salford, Manchester.Figure 3.87 Secondary channel on the Latchmore Brook, New Forest, Hampshire....Figure 3.88 Isolated pool on the River Nar, Narborough, Norfolk.Figure 3.89 Wooded stable bar features on an anastomosed reach of the River ...Figure 3.90 Wooded anastomosed reach of the River Nar, Narborough, Norfolk....Figure 3.91 Main channel pool feature on the River Beane, Watton at Stone, H...Figure 3.92 Fine sediment berm feature on the River Lark, Bury St Edmunds, C...Figure 3.93 Fine sediment bar feature at the entrance zone of Tittesworth Re...Figure 3.94 Woody debris feature on the River Beane, Watton at Stone, Hertfo...Figure 3.95 Conceptual representations of different pool‐riffle formation me...Figure 3.96 Conceptual representations of pool‐riffle maintenance mechanisms...Figure 3.97 Terrace feature on the River Malart, Syre, Sutherland, Scottish ...Figure 3.98 Multiple cut‐off channels preserved along an active pool‐riffle‐...Figure 3.99 Avulsion‐driven cutoff feature on the River Coquet, Holystone, N...Figure 3.100 Chute cutoff feature on the River Malart, Syre, Sutherland, Sco...Figure 3.101 Low‐level berm on the River Glen, Kirknewton, Northumberland.Figure 3.102 Gravel splay on Goldrill Beck, Patterdale, Lake District.Figure 3.103 Pool‐riffle sequence on the River Winterbourne, Wiltshire, UK....Figure 3.104 Long pool on a straight reach of the River Glen, Kirknewton, No...Figure 3.105 Riffle unit on the River Naver, Sutherland, Scottish Highlands....Figure 3.106 Pool features on the River Ehen, Egremont, Cumbria.Figure 3.107 Example of an apical pool on the River Exe, above Exeter, Devon...Figure 3.108 Point bar features on the moderately active River South Esk, Br...Figure 3.109 Composite and uniform river banks. River Malart, Syre, Sutherla...Figure 3.110 Coarse lateral bar and associated chute channel on the River De...Figure 3.111 Lateral bar on the River Till, near Wooler, Northumberland, ill...Figure 3.112 Transverse bar on the River Croal, Manchester.Figure 3.113 Recent chute channel cutoff on the River Malart, Sutherland, Sc...Figure 3.114 Plane‐bed section of the River Eamont, Penrith, Cumbria.Figure 3.115 Plane‐bed‐riffle on the River South Esk, Brechin, Scotland.Figure 3.116 Anastomosing stable‐bed and non‐stable bed aggrading banks evol...Figure 3.117 Historic river use in the United KingdomFigure 3.118 Terraces on the passive single thread River Eye, Melton Mowbray...Figure 3.119 Inactive floodplain of the River Wensum, Norwich, Norfolk.Figure 3.120 Passive single thread channel floodplain features preserved on ...Figure 3.121 Pool feature on the River Nar, Narborough, Norfolk.Figure 3.122 Flow constriction and concentration creating a restricted riffl...Figure 3.123 Relict riffle surface across an exposed chalk bed in the River ...Figure 3.124 Vegetated mid‐channel bar unit on the River Witham, upstream of...Figure 3.125 Sandy subdued lateral bar on Stevenage Brook, Stevenage, Hertfo...Figure 3.126 Point bar unit on the River Mersey, Pointon, Lancashire.Figure 3.127 Silty berm unit on the River Nar, upstream of Narborough, Norfo...Figure 3.128 Dissected consolidated berm sediments on Worsley Brook, Manches...Figure 3.129 Floating vegetation extending into the channel on the River Bla...Figure 3.130 Vegetated inset berm on the River Lark, upstream of Bury St Edm...Figure 3.131 Channel diversity‐induced by Willows on the River Eye at Melton...Figure 3.132 Mixed live and dead wood‐dominated feature on the River Nar, up...Figure 3.133 Lee bar associated with upstream in‐channel woody elements on t...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Vertical exposed sediment and failed blocks, suggesting active ba...Figure 4.2 Surface cracks along the bank margin suggesting incipient rotatio...Figure 4.3 Cantilever failure on the composite banks of the River Dee, near ...Figure 4.4 Multiple rotational failures along the banks of the River Mersey,...Figure 4.5 Isolated rotational failure in cohesive bank material on the Rive...Figure 4.6 Stable slumped blocks with healthy ungrazed vegetation growth on ...Figure 4.7 Continuous long‐reach erosion and inner bank deposition suggestin...Figure 4.8 Localised bank erosion linked to tree‐fall on the Carradale Water...Figure 4.9 Localised erosion behind a flow deflectors (triangular croy struc...Figure 4.10 Dramatic local erosion following revetment failure on the River ...Figure 4.11 Fluvial erosion to the toe of a high fluvio‐glacial terrace on t...Figure 4.12 New and older palaeo‐features across the floodplain of the Moffa...Figure 4.13 Infilled palaeo‐channels on the Floodplain of the Welland and Gw...Figure 4.14 Sequence of upstream channel development on the River Glen, Kirk...Figure 4.15 Semi‐vegetated slumped banks on the River Mersey.Figure 4.16 Recent bank erosion compromising a newly erected fence line on t...Figure 4.17 Progressive tree loss along the right bank looking downstream. R...Figure 4.18 Deep historically straightened narrow channel on the Holm Burn, ...Figure 4.19 Channel incision moderated by bed armouring on the River Caldew,...Figure 4.20 Exposed berm surface representing the former bed behind a lowere...Figure 4.21 Exposed former bed gravels underlying finer floodplain deposits ...Figure 4.22 Inset well‐connected vegetated lateral berm on the River Glen, K...Figure 4.23 Inset incipient floodplain on the River Malart, Syre, Sutherland...Figure 4.24 Eroded floodplain and juxtaposed gravel bar on the River Glen, K...Figure 4.25 Bed armouring on the River Caldew, Hesketh Newmarket, Cumbria.Figure 4.26 Wide coarse sediment margins inside vertical erosive banks on th...Figure 4.27 Multiple bank failures along the River Ribble, Long Preston, Yor...Figure 4.28 Isolated rotational failure on a drainage ditch on Swindale Beck...Figure 4.29 Angled bankside trees in the Holm Burn, Inverness, Scotland, ind...Figure 4.30 Upstream horseshoe scour around a bridge pier on the River South...Figure 4.31 Historic repairs to the abutment of Brechin Bridge on the River ...Figure 4.32 Late Holocene terraces, Thinhope Burn, Cumbria.Figure 4.33 Rapid incision of up to 4 m following straightening on the Holm ...Figure 4.34 Vegetated berms on the River Eye, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire...Figure 4.35 Vertical accretion associated with marginal vegetative growth on...Figure 4.36 Lee bar deposit downstream of a Bridge on the River Till, near W...Figure 4.37 Vegetated aggrading bar upstream of the A50 Bridge over the Rive...Figure 4.38 Heavily sedimented drainage channel flowing into Worsley Brook, ...Figure 4.39 Sedimented reach of the River Trent, Staffordshire University ca...Figure 4.40 Stalled gravel lobes on the River Kent, Kendal, Lake District.Figure 4.41 Stalled, stacked gravel lobes on the College Burn, near Kirknewt...Figure 4.42 Gravel splay deposits left after a flood on the Goldrill Beck, P...Figure 4.43 Loose gravel plane‐bed channel, Goldrill Beck, Patterdale, Lake ...Figure 4.44 Coarse armoured plane‐bed on the River Glen, Kirknewton, Northum...Figure 4.45 Infilled weir on the River Croal, Bury, Lancashire.Figure 4.46 Buried historic weir on the River Ehen, Egremont, Cumbria.Figure 4.47 Deposition through a peripheral bridge opening on the River Exe ...Figure 4.48 Recently transported gravel on Swindale Beck, Swindale, Lake Dis...Figure 4.49 Fresh gravel lobes on Swindale Beck, Swindale, Lake District.Figure 4.50 Fine sediment ribbon over gravel on the River Black Devon.Figure 4.51 Particle cluster on the River South Esk. Flow direction from top...Figure 4.52 Silt drape on the lower banks of Swindale Beck.Figure 4.53 Sand lobe features in the Black Devon, Cleish Hills, Fife, Scotl...Figure 4.54 Ripple features in the Black Devon, Cleish Hills, Fife, Scotland...Figure 4.55 Fine sediment bed choking on Swindale Beck, Swindale, Lake Distr...Figure 4.56 Uniform featureless reach of the River Rede, downstream of Otter...Figure 4.57 Inset reach of the River Rother, Rotherham, Yorkshire.Figure 4.58 Inset reach of the River Rede downstream of Otterburn, Northumbe...Figure 4.59 Strongly armoured bed on the River Caldew, Hesketh Newmarket, Cu...Figure 4.60 Over‐loose riffle gravel on the River Lark upstream of Bury St E...Figure 4.61 Loose plane‐bed reach of the River South Esk, Brechin, Scotland....Figure 4.62 Excessive fine sediment on the bed of the River Granta, Linton, ...Figure 4.63 Stalling gravel bars and lobes on the River Kent, Kendal, Lake D...Figure 4.64 Stalled gravel in the vicinity of an avulsion site on the River ...Figure 4.65 Gross deposition on the Culloden Burn, Smithdon, Inverness, Scot...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Controls on river channel form and function, where thicker lines ...Figure 5.2 Timeline of river and catchment alteration in the United Kingdom ...Figure 5.3 Historic change in UK river systems (a) Middle Ages – semi‐natura...Figure 5.4 Spatial extent of river channel and floodplain change in England,...Figure 5.5 Key developments in stream science over the period 1960–2020h...