Читать книгу Inventors at Work, with Chapters on Discovery - George Iles - Страница 2
Table of Contents
ОглавлениеCHAPTER III FORM— Continued . BRIDGES
Palladio’s Long Neglected Truss.
The Burr Bridge Simplified by Howe and Pratt.
Advantages of the Cantilever, Arch, and Bowstring Designs.
Suspension Bridges and Continuous Girders.
Best Proportions for Spans: A Slight Upward Curve is Gainful. Pins or Rivets in Fastening.
CHAPTER IV FORM— Continued . WEIGHT AND FRICTION DIMINISHED.
CHAPTER V FORM— Continued . SHIPS
Forms of Ships Adapted to Special Resistances.
A Viking Ship a Thousand Years Old.
Clipper Ships and Modern Steamers.
CHAPTER VI FORM— Continued . SHAPES TO LESSEN RESISTANCE TO MOTION
Projectiles and Vehicles of Like Pattern.
A Shrewd Observer Improves Windows.
Delight and Gain as We Watch a Fish in Water.
Total Reflection in Artificial Lighting: Holophane Globes.
Total Reflection in Binocular Glasses.
The Production of Optical Surfaces.
CHAPTER VIII FORM— Continued . TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS SHAPED FOR EFFICIENCY
Old and New Means of Conferring Form.
Convenience in the Use of Machines.
Resources Rich or Meagre as Affecting Invention.
Old Forms Repeated in New Materials.
Breaking Earth for Removal or Tilth.
Bigness Needs Strong Materials.
Cotton Strengthened and Beautified.
Properties in Building Materials.
Flame and Electricity as Modifiers.
Properties at First Unwelcome are Turned to Account.
Properties Long Deemed Useless are Now Gainful.
Separation Turns on Diversity of Properties.
Properties Newly Discovered and Produced.
CHAPTER XII PROPERTIES— Continued
How the Gas Mantle was Invented.
Improvements in Electric Lighting: Incandescent Lamps.
CHAPTER XIII PROPERTIES— Continued . STEEL
Invar: A Steel Invariable in Dimensions Whether Warmed or Cooled.
Magnetic Alloys of Non-Magnetic Ingredients.
Influence of Minute Admixtures.
CHAPTER XIV PROPERTIES— Continued
Power Presses in Metal Working.
Matter Impressed by Its History.
The Crystal Foreshadows the Plant.
During Long Periods Minute Influences Become Telling.
CHAPTER XV PROPERTIES— Continued. RADIO-ACTIVITY
Solids are not as Solid as They Seem.
Every Property May be Universal.
Radium Reveals Properties Unknown Till Now.
History of the Universe Rewritten in the Light of Radio-Activity.
Precise Measurement as a Means of Discovery.
Measurements Refined: the Interferometer.
A Light-Wave as an Unvarying Unit of Length.
CHAPTER XVII MEASUREMENT— Continued
Ascertaining the Force of Gravity.
The Sky as a Field for Measurement.
The Bureau of Standards at Washington.
Refined Measurement Improves Machinery.
Interchangeability Old and New.
A Test Shows How Concrete May be Cheaply Strengthened.
Industrial Uses of Measurement.
CHAPTER XVIII NATURE AS TEACHER
Forces Take the Easiest Paths.
Engineering Principles in Vegetation.
The Heart and the Built-up Gun.
The Eye and the Dollond Lenses.
Limbs and Lungs as Prototypes.
Postal and Telephonic Service.
A Beaver Tooth and the Self-Sharpening Plow.
Lessons from Lower Animals: A Tool-Using Wasp.
The Separating Task of the Lungs.
Foresight Instead of Hindsight.
Much is Still to be Discovered.
The Debt to Research in Medicine.
Research in Physics and Chemistry.
Mr. Carnegie’s Aid to Original Research.
Think Birds and You Shall See Birds.
The Mississippi Jetties of James B. Eads.
Observation Suggests an Experiment.
Instrumental Aids to Observation.
Observations Must be Remembered and Compared: The Value of a New Eye.
Any Observation May Have Value.
Folk Observation Foreruns Science.
Newton as a Boy—A Tireless Constructor.
Astonishing Precocity of Ericsson.
The Chief Impulse in Discovery.
Eyes and Hands Inform the Brain.
Telephone Messages Recorded for Repetition at Will: The Telegraphone.
Machines Cannot Directly Imitate Hands: A Task Must be “Coded.”
Linotype and Its Use of Wedges.
Ingenuity in Copying and Decorating.
CHAPTER XXII AUTOMATICITY AND INITIATION
Self-Acting Appliances in Metallurgy.
Simplicity of Build Desirable.
Contrivances Which Pay a Double Debt.
Omission of Needless Elements.
Printers Abandon Useless Work.
Churning the Air in a Telescopic Tube.
An Advance in Scientific Signaling.
CHAPTER XXIV THEORIES HOW REACHED AND USED
The Detection of Likeness Beneath Diversity.
The Part Played by Imagination.
CHAPTER XXV THEORIZING— Continued
Hydraulic Pressure as a Counterbalance.
Judgment in Theorizing: Rules Have Limits.
Do Not Pay More than 100 Cents for a Dollar.
CHAPTER XXVI NEWTON, FARADAY AND BELL AT WORK
How Newton Discovered the Law of Gravitation.
Michael Faraday’s Method of Working.
Faraday’s Orderliness and Imagination.
How Light Becomes a Bearer of Speech.
Variations of Light Necessary.
Special Treatment of the Selenium.
Experiments Without a Telephone.
CHAPTER XXVII BESSEMER, CREATOR OF CHEAP STEEL. NOBEL, INVENTOR OF NEW EXPLOSIVES
Bessemer’s Early Achievements.
Alfred Nobel and His Explosives.
Nobel Invents Smokeless Powder.
Nobel, Bodily Weak, was Strong in Mind and Will.
Great Combinations Create New Opportunities.
Team-Work in Research and Invention.
Compressed Air. In Effect Cold Steam for Driving Hammers, Drills, and Picks.
Liquids Lifted by Expanding Air.
Westinghouse Air Brakes and Signals.
CHAPTER XXIX CONCRETE AND ITS REINFORCEMENT
Concrete Reinforced by a Backbone of Steel. Joseph Monier, the Pioneer.
Disposal of Steel in Reinforced Concrete.
Molds for Reinforced Concrete.
Buildings of Reinforced Concrete.
Tanks, Standpipes, Reservoirs.
CHAPTER XXX MOTIVE POWERS PRODUCED WITH NEW ECONOMY
CHAPTER XXXI MOTIVE POWERS PRODUCED WITH NEW ECONOMY— Continued . HEATING SERVICES
Steam and Gas Engines Compared.
Heating and Power Production United.
Heating and Ventilating by Fans.
Gas for Heat, Light and Power.
CHAPTER XXXII A FEW SOCIAL ASPECTS OF INVENTION
The Factory System and Checks Thereto.
Tendencies Against Centralization.
