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PREFACE

LIST OF INSERTS

CHAPTER I TRANSPORTATION A MEASURE OF CIVILIZATION

Stages in Civilization.

Stage of Direct Appropriation.

The Pastoral Stage.

The Agricultural Stage.

The Manorial and Feudal Systems.

The Handicraft Stage.

Craft-guilds.

Effect upon Trade.

The Domestic System.

Governmental Control.

Agriculture.

The Industrial Stage.

Railways Developed.

Some Historic Roads and Their Influence.

Early Highways.

Roman Roads.

Pre-historic American Roads.

Conclusion.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER II TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES; EARLY TRAILS AND ROADS

The Birch Bark Canoe.

Meagerness of Early Roads.

Settlement Follows Waterways; Portages.

Lines of Travel.

Trails from the North.

Boone’s Trace, or The Wilderness Road.

Calk’s Diary.

Marquette’s Explorations.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Transcontinental Trails.

Origin of the Oregon Trail.

The Final Trail.

Salt Lake Trail.

Later California Trail.

Santa Fé Trail.

Gila and Spanish Trails.

Era of Turnpiking.

Turnpike Roads.

Wagon Road Desuetude.

National Participation.

Extension of the Cumberland Highway.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER III WATER WAYS AND CANALS

Canals.

Canal Prosperity and Desuetude.

Ship Canals.

The Panama Canal.

French Participation.

River Transportation.

The Government’s Attitude Toward River Improvement.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER IV RAILROADS

Pacific Roads.

Construction of Pacific Roads.

The Crédit Mobilier.

Railroad Consolidation.

Mechanical Development.

The Evolution of the Sleeping Car.

Street Car Service.

Electric Traction.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER V THE MODERN WAGON ROAD

The Influence of the Bicycle on Roads.

Office of Public Roads Inquiry.

Object-Lesson Roads.

Rural Free Delivery.

State Aid.

Salient Features of the State Aid Law.

Federal Aid.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER VI INTERRELATION BETWEEN HIGHWAY AND OTHER KINDS OF TRANSPORTATION

Legitimate Fields of Transportation Agencies.

Intra City Traffic.

Length of Haul for Economical Trucking.

Short-Haul Roads Reduce Express Rates.

Avoiding Waste.

Carve Out New Fields of Usefulness.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER VII AUTOMOTIVE TRANSPORTATION

Business Passenger Traffic.

Pleasure Passenger Traffic.

Freight Traffic.

Traffic between Towns.

Motor Bus Traffic.

To and from the Farm.

Terminal Facilities.

The Social Aspect of Motor Transportation.

Consolidation of Rural Schools.

Changing Concepts of the Public Schools.

Rural Mail Delivery.

The Automobile and Health.

The Automobile and Crime.

Vandalism.

Conclusion.

Addendum.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER VIII PLANNING HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: SELECTION OF ROAD TYPES

Motor Transport Efficiency Outline.

The Highway System Unit.

State System.

The Procedure of Laying out a Road System.

Financial Considerations.

Traffic Census.

Methods of Taking Traffic Censuses.

Classification of Traffic.

Destructive Factors.

Other Methods of Estimating Amount of Traffic.

The Selection of a Suitable Type of Road.

Materials and Design.

Resistance Due to Grade.

Slipperiness.

Sanitariness.

Noisiness.

Acceptability.

Some Types of Roads and Their Qualities.

Comparison of Roads.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER IX EFFECT OF EASE AND COST OF TRANSPORTATION ON PRODUCTION AND MARKETING

Grain Exchanges.

Coöperative Marketing.

Highway Transportation from Farm to Local Market.

Stock Raising.

Shrinkage.

Dairying.

Poultry.

Diversified Farming.

Forestry.

Other Uses of the Truck.

Amos Log Loader.

In the Yards.

Mining.

Factory Products.

Construction.

Other Agencies.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER X FINANCING HIGHWAYS AND HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION LINES

Private Financing.

Public Financing.

Direct Taxes.

Indirect Taxes.

Special Taxes.

Zone Weights.

To Calculate the Frontage.

Procedure with Unequal Zones or Irregular Lots.

Second Method of Apportioning Assessments.

Rule for Assessment.

Miscellaneous Sources of Revenue.

Bonds.

Kinds of Bonds.

Total Cost by the Three Kinds of Bonds.

The Term of Bonds.

Stocks and Bonds.

National and State Aid.

Federal Aid.

State Aid.

Present State of Federal Aid.

Matching Federal Aid Dollars.

Financing Highway Transportation.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER XI HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS AND THEIR MITIGATION

The Driver.

Driving and Operating.

Horns.

Stopping Cars on Grades, Streets, etc.

Backing.

Other Forms of Carelessness.

The Car.

Skidding.

The Brake.

Flexibility.

Steering and Turning Ability.

Lights.

Unlighted Vehicles.

Speedometer.

Bad Roads Cause Accidents.

Embankments and Guard Rails.

The danger from sharp turns

Superelevation.

Clear Vision.

Curves.

Bridges and Culverts.

Railway Crossing Accidents.

The Automobile and Crossing Accidents.

Clearance.

Pedestrians.

Jay Walking.

Obstacles that Obscure Vision.

Pedestrians on Country Roads.

Slow-Going Vehicles.

Bicycles.

Road and Traffic Regulations.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER XII HIGHWAY ESTHETICS

Trees.

Shrubs.

Climbing Plants.

Semi-Formal Style.

Telephone and Other Poles.

“The Ideal Section.”

Location of Poles.

Legislation.

Local Conditions Determine Planning.

SELECTED REFERENCES

CHAPTER XIII AIDS AND ATTRACTIONS TO TRAFFIC AND TRAVEL

Ranking and Parking.

Parking Spaces a Convenience to Motorists.

One Way and Rotary Traffic.

Taking Care of Opera House Traffic.

Public Garages.

Terminal Stations.

Gas, Air, and Water Stations.

Named and Numbered Roads.

Marks, Signs and Guides.

Distance and Direction Signs.

Uniformity of Signs.

Letters and Colors.

Warning Signs.

Map Signs.

Detour Signs.

Location of Detour Markers.

Speed Signs.

Traffic Guides.

Dummy Cop.

Semaphores.

Signal Lights and Colors.

Road and Street Lighting.

City Traffic.

Touring.

Camping Grounds.

Something More Moderate.

Camp Sites.

Hotels.

Parks.

Information.

SELECTED REFERENCES

INDEX