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George Ritzer
Essentials of Sociology
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Essentials of Sociology
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Essentials of Sociology
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Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Letter from the Author
Страница 10
About the Author
1 An Introduction to Sociology in the Global Age
Learning Objectives
A Sociology of Revolutions and Counterrevolutions
The Changing Nature of the Social World—and Sociology
Central Concerns for a Twenty-First-Century Sociology
Globalization
Consumption
McDonaldization
Critiquing Consumption
George Ritzer
The Digital World
Digital Living: Blogging and Tweeting about Sociology
Globalization, Consumption, the Digital World, and You
Sociology: Continuity and Change
The Sociological Imagination
Private Troubles and Public Issues
The Micro–Macro Relationship
The Agency–Structure Relationship
The Social Construction of Reality
Social Structures and Processes
Sociology’s Purpose: Science or Social Reform?
Sociology, the Other Social Sciences, and Common Sense
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
2 Thinking About and Researching the Social World
Learning Objectives
Do Sociological Theory and Research Help Us Understand Today’s Overheated Politics?
Theorizing the Social World
Classical Sociological Theory
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Émile Durkheim
Georg Simmel
W. E. B. Du Bois
Aldon D. Morris
Thorstein Veblen
Contemporary Sociological Theory
Structural/Functional Theories
Structural-Functionalism
Structuralism
Conflict/Critical Theories
Conflict Theory
Critical Theory
Feminist Theory
Queer Theory
Critical Theories of Race and Racism
Postmodern Theory
Inter/Actionist Theories
Symbolic Interactionism
Ethnomethodology
Exchange Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Researching the Social World
The Scientific Method
Sociological Research
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Observational Research
Participant and Nonparticipant Observation
Ethnography
Digital Living: Netnography
Interviews
Types of Interviews
The Interview Process
Survey Research
Types of Surveys
Sampling
Experiments
Secondary Data Analysis
Historical-Comparative Method
Content Analysis
Issues in Social Research
Reliability and Validity
Research Ethics
Physical and Psychological Harm
Illegal Acts
Violation of Trust
Alice Goffman
Objectivity, or “Value-Free” Sociology
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
3 Culture
Learning Objectives
A Reflection of U.S. Culture
A Definition of Culture
The Basic Elements of Culture
Values
Norms
Material Culture
Symbolic Culture and Language
Cultural Differences
Ideal and Real Culture
Ideology
Subcultures
Countercultures
Culture Wars
Multiculturalism and Assimilation
Robert Wuthnow
Identity Politics
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
Global Culture
The Globalization of Values
Cultural Imperialism
Consumer Culture
Children in a Consumer Culture
Nontraditional Settings for Consumption
A Postconsumer Culture?
Culture Jamming
Cyberculture
Digital Living: Netiquette
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
4 Socialization and Interaction
Learning Objectives
Socialization and Variance
The Individual and the Self
Symbolic Interaction and Development of the Self
Humans and Nonhumans
Symbolic Interaction
Mind and Self
The Generalized Other
The “I” and the “Me”
The Individual as Performer
Impression Management
Sherry Turkle
Front and Back Stage
Socialization
Childhood Socialization
Family
Peers
Gender
Mass Media and New Media
Digital Living: Cyberbullying
Consumer Culture
Adult Socialization
Workplaces
Total Institutions
Other Aspects of Adult Socialization
Interaction
Superordinate–Subordinate Interactions
Reciprocity and Exchange
“Doing” Interaction
Interaction Order
Status and Role
Micro-Level Social Structures
Interpersonal Relationships
Social Networks
Groups
Types of Groups
Conformity to the Group
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
5 Organizations, Societies, and Global Relationships
Learning Objectives
Questioning Governmental Authority
Organizations
Bureaucracies
Authority Structures and Bureaucracy
Adam Reich and Peter Bearman
Rationality and Irrationality
The Informal Organization
Contemporary Organizational Realities
Gender Inequalities
Other Problems
Contemporary Changes
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