Читать книгу Essentials of Sociology - George Ritzer - Страница 8
Detailed Contents
Оглавление4 Chapter 1: An Introduction to Sociology in the Global AgeLearning ObjectivesA Sociology of Revolutions and CounterrevolutionsThe Changing Nature of the Social World—and SociologyCentral Concerns for a Twenty-First-Century SociologyGlobalizationConsumptionMcDonaldizationCritiquing Consumption• Trending: The McDonaldization of SocietyThe Digital WorldDigital Living: Blogging and Tweeting about SociologyGlobalization, Consumption, the Digital World, and YouSociology: Continuity and ChangeThe Sociological ImaginationPrivate Troubles and Public IssuesThe Micro–Macro RelationshipThe Agency–Structure RelationshipThe Social Construction of RealitySocial Structures and ProcessesSociology’s Purpose: Science or Social Reform?Sociology, the Other Social Sciences, and Common SenseSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
5 Chapter 2: Thinking About and Researching the Social WorldLearning ObjectivesDo Sociological Theory and Research Help Us Understand Today’s Overheated Politics?Theorizing the Social WorldClassical Sociological TheoryKarl MarxMax WeberÉmile DurkheimGeorg SimmelW. E. B. Du Bois• Trending: The Scholar DeniedThorstein VeblenContemporary Sociological TheoryStructural/Functional TheoriesStructural–FunctionalismStructuralismConflict/Critical TheoriesConflict TheoryCritical TheoryFeminist TheoryQueer TheoryCritical Theories of Race and RacismPostmodern TheoryInter/Actionist TheoriesSymbolic InteractionismEthnomethodologyExchange TheoryRational Choice TheoryResearching the Social WorldThe Scientific MethodSociological ResearchQualitative and Quantitative ResearchObservational ResearchParticipant and Nonparticipant ObservationEthnographyDigital Living: NetnographyInterviewsTypes of InterviewsThe Interview ProcessSurvey ResearchTypes of SurveysSamplingExperimentsSecondary Data AnalysisHistorical-Comparative MethodContent AnalysisIssues in Social ResearchReliability and ValidityResearch EthicsPhysical and Psychological HarmIllegal ActsViolation of Trust• Trending: On the RunObjectivity, or “Value-Free” SociologySummaryKey TermsReview Questions
6 Chapter 3: CultureLearning ObjectivesA Reflection of U.S. CultureA Definition of CultureThe Basic Elements of CultureValuesNormsMaterial CultureSymbolic Culture and LanguageCultural DifferencesIdeal and Real CultureIdeologySubculturesCounterculturesCulture WarsMulticulturalism and Assimilation• Trending: The Left BehindIdentity PoliticsCultural Relativism and EthnocentrismGlobal CultureThe Globalization of ValuesCultural ImperialismConsumer CultureChildren in a Consumer CultureNontraditional Settings for ConsumptionA Postconsumer Culture?Culture JammingCybercultureDigital Living: NetiquetteSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
7 Chapter 4: Socialization and InteractionLearning ObjectivesSocialization and VarianceThe Individual and the SelfSymbolic Interaction and Development of the SelfHumans and NonhumansSymbolic InteractionMind and SelfThe Generalized OtherThe “I” and the “Me”The Individual as PerformerImpression Management• Trending: Alone TogetherFront and Back StageSocializationChildhood SocializationFamilyPeersGenderMass Media and New MediaDigital Living: CyberbullyingConsumer CultureAdult SocializationWorkplacesTotal InstitutionsOther Aspects of Adult SocializationInteractionSuperordinate-Subordinate InteractionsReciprocity and Exchange“Doing” InteractionInteraction OrderStatus and RoleMicro-Level Social StructuresInterpersonal RelationshipsSocial NetworksGroupsTypes of GroupsConformity to the GroupSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
8 Chapter 5: Organizations, Societies, and Global RelationshipsLearning ObjectivesQuestioning Governmental AuthorityOrganizationsBureaucraciesAuthority Structures and Bureaucracy• Trending: Working for RespectRationality and IrrationalityThe Informal OrganizationContemporary Organizational RealitiesGender InequalitiesOther ProblemsContemporary ChangesGlobalizationMcDonaldization and Bureaucratic OrganizationsNetwork OrganizationsCharacteristics of the Network OrganizationInformationalismSocietiesGlobal RelationshipsControlling Global Flows and MobilitiesOther Global FlowsLandscapesGlobal BarriersAre Global Barriers Effective?Organizational BarriersMore Open Organizations?SummaryKey TermsReview Questions
9 Chapter 6: Deviance and CrimeLearning ObjectivesNorms, Labels, and JudgmentDevianceShifting Definitions of DevianceGlobal Flows and DevianceDeviance and ConsumptionTheories of DevianceStructural/Functional TheoriesStrainSocial ControlConflict/Critical TheoriesDeviance and the PoorDeviance and the EliteInter/Actionist TheoriesLabelingPrimary and Secondary DevianceKey Ideas in the Labeling ProcessMoral PanicsStigmasCrimeThe Criminal Justice System• Trending: HomewardTypes of CrimesDigital Living: Catching a Serial Killer through an Online DNA SiteGlobalization and CrimeCriminalization of Global ActivitiesGlobal Crime ControlSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
10 Chapter 7: Social Stratification in the United States and GloballyLearning ObjectivesStudent “Haves” and “Have-Nots” in Higher EducationDimensions of Social StratificationSocial ClassStatusPowerEconomic InequalityIncome InequalityDigital Living: Income Inequality in the New Sharing EconomyWealth InequalityGrowing Wealth DisparitiesStatus, Power, and WealthThe Perpetuation of WealthThe Decline of the American Middle ClassPovertyAnalyzing PovertyPoverty in the United StatesThe Feminization of PovertySocial MobilityTypes of Social MobilityAchievement and AscriptionTheories of Social StratificationStructural/Functional TheoriesConflict/Critical TheoriesSocial Rewards and StatusGender, Race, and ClassInter/Actionist Theories• Trending: EvictedConsumption and Social StratificationStratified ConsumptionSocial Class and TasteThe Quest for DistinctionElites as Cultural OmnivoresGlobal StratificationThe Global North and Global SouthHigh-, Middle-, and Low-Income CountriesThe Richest People in the World: The Global Concentration of WealthThe Poorest People in the World: The Bottom BillionOther Global InequalitiesThe Global Digital DivideGlobal Health InequalityGlobal Gender StratificationInequality in Employment, Occupations, and WealthWomen and Informal EmploymentWomen in Global Care ChainsChanging Positions in Global StratificationRace to the BottomForeign Aid and DevelopmentTheories of Global StratificationStructural/Functional TheoriesConflict/Critical TheoriesSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
11 Chapter 8: Race and EthnicityLearning ObjectivesMinorities Acquire Political PowerThe Concepts of Race and EthnicityHistorical Thinking about Race“Scientific” ExplanationsCultural ExplanationsThe Fluidity of Racial CategoriesRacial and Ethnic IdentitiesDigital Living: Race in CyberspaceMajority–Minority RelationsStereotypes, Prejudice, and DiscriminationIntersectionalityPatterns of InteractionRacism• Trending: Dying of WhitenessFoundations of RacismSocial Structure and RacismCulture and RacismInstitutional RacismThe “Invisibility” of Institutional RacismSocial Movements and RaceHate GroupsThe Civil Rights MovementCollective Identity and “Power” MovementsRace and Ethnicity in a Global ContextEthnic Identity and GlobalizationGlobal Prejudice and DiscriminationGlobal Flows Based on Race and EthnicityPositive and Negative FlowsEthnic Conflict within Nation-StatesExpulsionEthnic CleansingGenocideSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
12 Chapter 9: Gender and SexualityLearning ObjectivesChallenging Gender StereotypesGender and SexFemininities and MasculinitiesTransgender and Nonbinary GendersDigital Living: Gender Swapping in Online GamesGender DiversityGendered InequalitiesGender and EducationGender, Family, and WorkSeparate SpheresDual-Earner Households and the Stalled RevolutionGender Inequality at WorkGender and Consumer CultureConsumption, Work, and FamilyWomen and Girls as ConsumersMen and Boys as ConsumersThe Sociology of SexualitySexual SelvesSexual Identities and Orientations• Trending: UnboundSpotlight on “Hooking Up”Social Constraints on SexualityCulture and ConsentSex and ConsumptionSexuality, Gender, and GlobalizationSocial Change and the Globalization of SexualityGlobal Flows Related to Sex and SexualityLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Sexualities in a Global ContextThe Global Sex IndustryGlobal Flows Related to GenderThe Feminization of MigrationThe Feminization of LaborThe Feminization of Poverty and Female ProletarianizationGender, War, and ViolenceThe Global Women’s MovementSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
13 Chapter 10: FamiliesLearning ObjectivesFictional Families Get RealFamily, Marriage, and Intimate RelationshipsSome Basic ConceptsMarriageIntimate RelationshipsLoveBroad Changes in Marriage and the FamilyDecline in MarriagePerspectives on the Decline in MarriageThe Deinstitutionalization of MarriageMarriage as a CarouselSelf-Disclosing Intimacy and Pure RelationshipsDigital Living: Online DatingNonfamily HouseholdsAlternative Family FormsCohabitationSingle-Parent FamiliesNonresident ParentsStepfamilies and Blended FamiliesLesbian and Gay FamiliesTheorizing the FamilyStructural/Functional TheoriesConflict/Critical TheoriesFeminist TheoryInter/Actionist TheoriesSymbolic InteractionismExchange TheoryProblems in the FamilyFamily ConflictAbuse and Violence within the FamilyChild AbuseIntimate Partner ViolenceElder AbusePoverty and the FamilyGender InequalitiesDivorce• Trending: Making Motherhood WorkFactors in DivorceGlobal FamiliesGlobal Flows That Involve the FamilyGlobal Flows That Affect the FamilyGlobal Economic FlowsGlobal MigrationGlobal TraffickingGlobal ConflictSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
14 Chapter 11: Education and ReligionLearning ObjectivesScience versus Religion in the Public SchoolsEducationInequality in EducationWho Succeeds in School?The Coleman Report: How Much Do Schools Matter?Intelligence and School SuccessClass Differences in Early ChildhoodPreschoolInequality within Schools: Tracking and Student OutcomesAlternatives to Traditional Public SchoolsVouchersHomeschoolingCharter SchoolsWho Goes to College?• Trending: Lower EdDigital Living: Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)Globalization and EducationPISA RankingsGerman, Japanese, and U.S. Education SystemsReligionComponents of ReligionBeliefRitualExperienceSecularizationCivil ReligionReligion as a Form of ConsumptionDigital Living: Practicing Virtual FaithTypes of Religious InstitutionsSectsChurchesDenominationsCults and New Religious MovementsReligion and GlobalizationThe Most Significant Global ReligionsJudaismHinduismBuddhismIslamChristianityMormonismFundamentalismFaith on the MoveSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
15 Chapter 12: Politics and the EconomyLearning ObjectivesThe Interrelationship of Government and the EconomyPolitics: Democracy or DictatorshipDemocracy: Citizenship as a Radical IdeaCharacteristics of DemocraciesThe Rise of Illiberal Democracy, or Is It Fascism?Digital Living: Hacktivism and State InterferenceDictatorship: The Seizure of PowerWho Rules the United States?The Structural/Functional Perspective: PluralismThe Conflict/Critical Perspective: The Power EliteGlobal PoliticsGeopoliticsThe Nation and the Nation-StateThe U.S. Economy: From Industrial to PostindustrialThe Industrial RevolutionFrom Fordism to Post-FordismOther Industrial RevolutionsSocialism, Communism, and CapitalismSocialism and CommunismWelfare StatesCapitalismDeindustrialization in the United StatesFactors in DeindustrializationDecline of American Labor UnionsThe Postindustrial SocietyWork, Consumption, and LeisureEmployment, Unemployment, and UnderemploymentConsumption and the Postmodern Society• Trending: Strangers in Their Own LandLeisureGlobalization and the EconomySummaryKey TermsReview Questions
16 Chapter 13: The Body, Medicine, Health, and Health CareLearning ObjectivesThe Opioid CrisisThe Sociology of HealthThe BodyThe Healthy Body: Lifestyle, Beauty, and FitnessBeauty: Cultural Contexts• Trending: Blood SugarThe Quest for the Ideal, the Consumption of Beauty, and the Fit BodyFitness and the Healthy BodyBody ModificationsRisky BehaviorThe Sociology of MedicineThe Medical ProfessionWeaknesses in the U.S. Health Care SystemInequalities in U.S. Health CareHealth Care Reform in the United StatesConsumerism and Health CareThe Internet and the Consumption of Health CareTelemedicineGlobalization and HealthGrowing Global InequalityDiseaseMalnutritionSmokingBorderless DiseasesHIV/AIDSSuperbugsGlobalization and Improvements in Health and Health CareSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
17 Chapter 14: Population, Urbanization, and the EnvironmentLearning ObjectivesToo Few, Too OldPopulationPopulation GrowthPopulation DeclineBasic Population ProcessesFertilityMortalityThe Demographic TransitionMigrationUrbanizationEver-Larger Urban AreasSuburbanizationThe Changing Nature of Major U.S. CitiesCities and GlobalizationGlobal CitiesMegacities (and Beyond)The Main Site of Global ProblemsThe Center of Culture and ConsumptionThe Environment• Trending: Children of KatrinaTheories of the Environment and Its ProblemsGlobalization and the EnvironmentThe Leading Environmental ProblemsDestruction of Natural HabitatsAdverse Effects on Marine LifeThe Decline in FreshwaterGlobal WarmingGlobal ResponsesSustainable DevelopmentTechnological FixesDigital Living: Smart CitiesThe Paris AgreementSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
18 Chapter 15: Social Change, Social Movements, and Collective ActionLearning ObjectivesWorkers’ Rights, Consumer Activism, and Social ChangeSocial MovementsFeminist MovementsThe Women’s Movement in the United StatesThe Global Women’s MovementDigital Living: #MeToo MovementLGBTQ MovementsWorld War II and the Lavender ScareThe U.S.-Based Homophile MovementStonewallLesbian HerstoryHIV/AIDS, ACT UP, and Queer NationThe Ongoing Fight for Marriage EqualityThe Civil Rights MovementEmergence, Mobilization, and Impact of Social MovementsFactors in the Emergence of a Social MovementResources and Mobilization of Social MovementsParticipationGoals, Strategies, and TacticsFactors in SuccessThe Impact of Social MovementsThe Internet, Globalization, and Social MovementsCollective Action• Trending: Twitter and Tear GasCrowdsRiotsNegative Views of RiotsDisastersHuman Involvement in DisastersThe Effects of DisastersSocial Change: Globalization, Consumption, and the InternetGlobalization as the Ultimate Social ChangeGlobal “Liquids”Global “Flows”Globalization and the InternetCyberactivismConsumption and GlobalizationLocal and Regional DifferencesGlobal BrandsSummaryKey TermsReview Questions
19 Glossary
20 References: Chapter-Opening Vignettes
21 References: Comprehensive List
22 Index
