Читать книгу Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization - Gerald E. McDonnell - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1FIGURE 1.1 A typical helminth life cycle (example: Enterobius vermicularis).FIGURE 1.2 Typical fungal structures. (A) Filamentous fungus (mold). Hyphae are ...FIGURE 1.3 Simplified fungal cell envelope. The cross-linked cell wall is linked...FIGURE 1.4 Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii.FIGURE 1.5 Simple representation of a mycoplasma cell surface structure.FIGURE 1.6 Basic structure of a bacterial cell, showing the cell surface in grea...FIGURE 1.7 Bacterial cell wall structures. The cell membranes are similar struct...FIGURE 1.8 Basic structure of peptidoglycan. Polysaccharides of repeating sugars...FIGURE 1.9 Cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Courtesy of Clifton Barry, NIAID...FIGURE 1.10 Basic viral structure.FIGURE 1.11 Typical viral life cycle. The stages include (1) attachment, (2) pen...FIGURE 1.12 E. coli bacteriophages. The T-phages are complex DNA viruses; MS2 an...FIGURE 1.13 Theory of prions as infectious proteins. PrPc is the normal form of ...FIGURE 1.14 Representation of the proposed structural changes in PrP.FIGURE 1.15 The general structure of lipopolysaccharide. The lipid A component i...FIGURE 1.16 Typical fungal aflatoxin structure.FIGURE 1.17 General microbial resistance to biocides and biocidal processes. Thi...FIGURE 1.18 Typical time kill, or D-value, determination. A known concentration ...FIGURE 1.19 Determination of the D value on microbial exposure to a biocide.FIGURE 1.20 Typical survivor curves on biocide exposure. Curve 1 is concave down...FIGURE 1.21 Qualitative and semiquantitative population determinations.FIGURE 1.22 D-value estimation using most probable number estimations.FIGURE 1.23 Example of a self-contained biological indicator. The 3M Attest 1292...FIGURE 1.24 Example of a chemical-indicator color change.FIGURE 1.25 Rate of microbial inactivation on exposure to sterilization processe...FIGURE 1.26 Basic structures of surfactants and soaps and micelles (a water-in-o...FIGURE 1.27 Examples of single (left)- and multiple (right)-chamber washer and w...FIGURE 1.28 Various types of cleaning chemical formulations.

2 Chapter 2FIGURE 2.1 Typical microbial sensitivities to moist-heat disinfection.FIGURE 2.2 Effect of temperature on microbial lethality and Z-value determinatio...FIGURE 2.3 A pasteurizer for heat treatment of liquids. Courtesy of System Produ...FIGURE 2.4 Moist-heat resistance of microorganisms.FIGURE 2.5 Atomic structure and the source of radiation.FIGURE 2.6 The electromagnetic spectrum. The range of wavelengths is shown on th...FIGURE 2.7 A representation of a typical UV (low-pressure UV mercury) lamp and t...FIGURE 2.8 Simple structure of a magnetron used for the production of microwaves...FIGURE 2.9 A simple continuous-duty UV disinfection system for liquids. The UV l...FIGURE 2.10 The theory of filtration. Various types of filtration processes are ...FIGURE 2.11 The microscopic structures of the surfaces of three filter materials...FIGURE 2.12 Examples of a variety of liquid filter types. Reproduced with permis...FIGURE 2.13 An example of a rigid-walled isolator system, with glove access port...FIGURE 2.14 Air pressure in environmentally controlled enclosed areas. (A) Rooms...FIGURE 2.15 Biological safety class I, II, and III cabinets. Class I cabinets pr...FIGURE 2.16 Range of filtration methods and reference size exclusion capabilitie...

3 Chapter 3FIGURE 3.1 Dissociation of benzoic acid. As the pH increases, the dissociation o...FIGURE 3.2 High-level disinfectants for medical-device disinfection based on 2.4...FIGURE 3.3 Examples of formaldehyde-releasing agents.FIGURE 3.4 Examples of an alcohol-based disinfectant (left) and an alcohol-based...FIGURE 3.5 Aminoacridines commonly used as antiseptics.FIGURE 3.6 Examples of chlorhexidine-based antiseptics and disinfectants. Courte...FIGURE 3.7 An example of an essential-oilcontaining disinfectant.FIGURE 3.8 Simplified chemistry of iodine in water, demonstrating those species ...FIGURE 3.9 The structure of PVPI. The polymer consists of repeating units of the...FIGURE 3.10 Various types of PVPI antiseptic products. Reproduced with permissio...FIGURE 3.11 Simplified chemistry of chlorine in water, demonstrating those speci...FIGURE 3.12 Examples of organic chloramines.FIGURE 3.13 Typical bromine-releasing agents. PSHB is an example of a water-inso...FIGURE 3.14 Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)-based disinfectant. A concentrate (whic...FIGURE 3.15 Silver sulfadiazine.FIGURE 3.16 A typical copper-silver ionization system. The electrode cell consis...FIGURE 3.17 Structure of benzoyl peroxide.FIGURE 3.18 Example of the generation of PAA from sodium perborate and acetylsal...FIGURE 3.19 Examples of the production of chlorine dioxide from chlorine.FIGURE 3.20 Examples of ozone generators. Courtesy of Absolute Systems (left) an...FIGURE 3.21 Examples of vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) generators. The exampl...FIGURE 3.22 Typical room fumigation setup with a hydrogen peroxide gas generator...FIGURE 3.23 A range of chlorine dioxide-based liquid formulations for medical-de...FIGURE 3.24 A chlorine dioxide gas generator for liquid applications. Courtesy o...FIGURE 3.25 A typical chlorine dioxide fumigation cycle. The biocide concentrati...FIGURE 3.26 The effect of temperature on the sporicidal efficacy of PAA. The ave...FIGURE 3.27 Phenolic-based disinfectants. Both are formulation concentrates (whi...FIGURE 3.28 Typical bisphenolic structures.FIGURE 3.29 The modes of action of triclosan and hexachloro phene against enoyl ...FIGURE 3.30 Basic surfactant and micelle structures.FIGURE 3.31 The basic structure of QACs.FIGURE 3.32 QAC-based disinfectants. A readyto-use spray formulation and an exam...FIGURE 3.33 Examples of chlorine-based N-halamines.FIGURE 3.34 The enzymatic activity of lysozyme. The structure of peptidoglycan (...

4 Chapter 4FIGURE 4.1 Cross section of skin structure. Illustration by Patrick Lane, ScEYEn...FIGURE 4.2 Examples of various types of antiseptic products.FIGURE 4.3 Examples of biocide-impregnated materials for skin application.FIGURE 4.4 A representation of the penetration of chlorhexidine into the skin ep...

5 Chapter 5FIGURE 5.1 The relationship between saturated steam temperature and pressure.FIGURE 5.2 A steam sterilizer. Sterilizers are available in a variety of sizes a...FIGURE 5.3 The basic design of an upward-displacement steam sterilizer.FIGURE 5.4 The basic design of a downward-displacement steam sterilizer.FIGURE 5.5 The basic design of a prevacuum steam sterilizer.FIGURE 5.6 Typical steam sterilization cycles, showing different mechanisms of a...FIGURE 5.7 The Bowie-Dick test, a method of testing the steam penetration and ai...FIGURE 5.8 Typical water pretreatment systems for the production of steam.FIGURE 5.9 Effect of temperature on the lethality of a G. stearothermophilus spo...FIGURE 5.10 An industrial dry-heat sterilizer, which is used for depyrogenation....FIGURE 5.11 Representative effects of humidity/water content on the dry-heat res...FIGURE 5.12 Generation and decay of 60Co.FIGURE 5.13 The generation of X rays. Electrons are shown being generated from t...FIGURE 5.14 A simplified linear high-energy E-beam generator.FIGURE 5.15 A typical γ-irradiator sterilizer.FIGURE 5.16 A typical exposure rack containing 60Co as a γ-radiation source with...FIGURE 5.17 A typical E-beam sterilizer. An X-ray sterilizer may be in a similar...FIGURE 5.18 Example of plasma generation with oxygen gas (O2).FIGURE 5.19 An example of a pulsed-light sterilizer. Courtesy of Xenon Corporati...FIGURE 5.20 The relationship between solid, liquid, gas, and supercritical fluid...

6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6.1 An example of a small EO sterilizer, showing the front-loading steril...FIGURE 6.2 A typical EO sterilizer.FIGURE 6.3 Typical EO sterilization processes. Vacuum processes (top), in which ...FIGURE 6.4 The sporicidal (B. atrophaeus) effects of EO concentrations at 60% re...FIGURE 6.5 A representation of a typical LTSF sterilization system.FIGURE 6.6 A typical LTSF sterilization cycle.FIGURE 6.7 An LTSF sterilizer. The sterilizer (with the door open) is shown on t...FIGURE 6.8 An example of the effect of the hydrogen peroxide gas concentration o...FIGURE 6.9 A typical hydrogen peroxide gas sterilizer.FIGURE 6.10 STERRAD hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilizers. (Reprinted with pe...FIGURE 6.11 Typical hydrogen peroxide gas sterilization processes. In the cycle ...FIGURE 6.12 A SYSTEM 1 processor with STERIS 20 sterilant. (Reprinted with permi...FIGURE 6.13 Electrolyzed water. (A) A typical electrolyzed-water generator. (B) ...FIGURE 6.14 Examples of electrolyzed-water generators. Courtesy of Sterilox Tech...FIGURE 6.15 A 125-liter ozone sterilizer. (Reprinted with permission from TSO3.)

7 Chapter 7FIGURE 7.1 Primary bacterial targets of key antibiotics.FIGURE 7.2 The structures of amino acids and peptide bonding. Representations ar...FIGURE 7.3 Examples of sugars, polysaccharides, and glycosidic bonds. The polysa...FIGURE 7.4 The basic structures of fatty acids. The numbers of carbons in the fa...FIGURE 7.5 Examples of various types of lipids. The general structures of a trig...FIGURE 7.6 The basic structures of nucleotides. The structure consists of a suga...FIGURE 7.7 Nucleotide structures. ATP (top left) is a mononucleotide, while DNA ...FIGURE 7.8 The major target sites for oxidizing agents on the structure of DNA (...FIGURE 7.9 Reaction of ethylene oxide with guanine.FIGURE 7.10 Reaction of ethylene oxide with amino acid side chains.FIGURE 7.11 Amino acids, showing free amine groups (circled), susceptible to cro...FIGURE 7.12 A typical cross-linking reaction with formaldehyde between a lysine ...FIGURE 7.13 A typical cross-linked reaction by glutaraldehyde between two amino ...FIGURE 7.14 Heat denaturation of DNA (above) and protein (below). As the tempera...FIGURE 7.15 The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation on a target atom. ...FIGURE 7.16 The production of thymine dimers between adjacent thymine bases in D...FIGURE 7.17 The mode of action of acridine dyes. The acridine molecule shown (pr...FIGURE 7.18 The reaction of metal ions on exposed sulfhydryl groups on cysteine ...FIGURE 7.19 The effects of biocides on cytoplasmic membranes. The biocide can ha...

8 Chapter 8FIGURE 8.1 General microbial resistance to biocides and biocidal processes.FIGURE 8.2 The initial sequence of events in biocide-microorganism interaction.FIGURE 8.3 A typical bacterial growth curve, showing the four phases of growth.FIGURE 8.4 The activation and deactivation of the OxyR protein, as an activator ...FIGURE 8.5 The functions of various enzymes induced during oxidative stress.FIGURE 8.6 Transport systems in bacteria across a typical cell membrane.FIGURE 8.7 Establishment of the PMF.FIGURE 8.8 Summary of the various types of efflux pumps associated with antimicr...FIGURE 8.9 Intrinsic mechanisms of microbial resistance to heavy metals. The hea...FIGURE 8.10 A P. aeruginosa biofilm on a surface. Individual rod-shaped bacteria...FIGURE 8.11 The development of a biofilm. Initial attachment (adsorption) of a m...FIGURE 8.12 An example of D. radiodurans survival of radiation. The survival of ...FIGURE 8.13 Micrograph of D. radiodurans cells in a typical tetrad formation.FIGURE 8.14 Microbial growth and optimum temperature conditions. Examples of var...FIGURE 8.15 Microbial growth and optimum pH conditions. Examples of various micr...FIGURE 8.16 Microbial growth and optimum salt conditions. Examples of various mi...FIGURE 8.17 The basic life cycle of gram-positive endospore-forming rods. The ve...FIGURE 8.18 Typical bacterial-endospore structure. An actual micrograph of endos...FIGURE 8.19 A representation of a typical sporulation process, with the key stag...FIGURE 8.20 The development of resistance of bacterial endospores to biocides an...FIGURE 8.21 Loss of resistance to various biocides and heat during bacterial-end...FIGURE 8.22 Typical life cycle of Streptomyces. A desiccated spore, under the ri...FIGURE 8.23 The revival of microorganisms after biocidal treatment. On exposure,...FIGURE 8.24 A representation of the mycobacterial cell wall structure.FIGURE 8.25 A representation of a typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall stru...FIGURE 8.26 A representation of a typical gram-negative bacterial cell wall stru...FIGURE 8.27 The primary mechanisms of action of penicillin and of bacterial resi...FIGURE 8.28 The modes of bacterial tolerance of triclosan due to acquired mutati...FIGURE 8.29 Demonstration of the resistance of M. chelonae glutaraldehyde-resist...FIGURE 8.30 The simplified structure of a typical mercury resistance operon in g...FIGURE 8.31 Mechanisms of resistance to mercury.FIGURE 8.32 pSK41, an example of a multidrug resistance plasmid in staphylococci...FIGURE 8.33 Mechanisms of viral resistance to biocides. The typical structure of...FIGURE 8.34 Mechanisms of resistance of prions to biocides and modes of action o...FIGURE 8.35 Scanning electron micrograph of an encapsulated C. neoformans strain...FIGURE 8.36 Typical growth of a fungus on a medium surface. Shown are 7-day-old ...FIGURE 8.37 Fungal life cycle (ascomycota). The life cycle shown is typical of a...FIGURE 8.38 Examples of various types of fungal spores and spore-bearing structu...FIGURE 8.39 Representation of the structure of a helminth (Ascaris) egg.FIGURE 8.40 C. parvum oocysts and sporozoites.FIGURE 8.41 An Acanthamoeba cyst. Reprinted with permission of the U. S. Armed F...