Читать книгу Atlas of Cone Beam Computed Tomography - Richard Welbury, Ghassem Ansari - Страница 3

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Five types of in‐office CBCT machine. (a) Soredex (Scanora 3D, Tu...Figure 1.2 Mobile CBCT units. (a) NewTom 3D (Verona, Italy) mobile CBCT scan...Figure 1.3 Fan beam and cone beam imaging geometry. (a) A divergent fan beam...Figure 1.4 Axial multiplanar reformation (MPR) image. (a) Schematic image of...Figure 1.5 Coronal MPR image. (a) 3D surface rendering with reference plane ...Figure 1.6 Sagittal MPR image. (a) 3D surface rendering with reference plane...Figure 1.7 MPR for dental and jawbone assessments. (a) Schematic image showi...Figure 1.8 MPR for dental and jawbone assessments. (a) Schematic image showi...Figure 1.9 Indirect volumetric reformation (IVR) images. 3D surface renderin...Figure 1.10 Direct volume rendering (DVR). Full‐thickness (a) sagittal and (...Figure 1.11 MIP view in a patient with history of bimaxillary orthognathic s...Figure 1.12 Field of view (FOV) size. (a) Large FOV, enabling craniofacial a...Figure 1.13 Large FOV CBCT acquisition. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, and (c) a...Figure 1.14 Small FOV CBCT acquisition. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, and (c) a...Figure 1.15 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) assessments. (a) Axial reference i...Figure 1.16 Application of CBCT in image analysis and visual comparison of d...Figure 1.17 Implant site assessments in mandible. (a) 3D surface rendering, ...Figure 1.18 Implant site assessments in maxilla. (a) 3D surface rendering, (...Figure 1.19 Implant failure assessments. (a) Axial, (b) reformatted panorami...Figure 1.20 Implant failure assessments. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) c...Figure 1.21 Endodontic assessments. (a) Sagittal view of maxillary first and...Figure 1.22 Endodontic assessments. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, an...Figure 1.23 TMJ assessments. (a) Serial corrected sagittal view showing flat...Figure 1.24 TMJ assessments. (a) Coronal MIP view showing left condylar head...Figure 1.25 Orthodontic assessments. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) 3D MI...Figure 1.26 Orthodontic assessments. (a) Axial view and (b) cropped 3D surfa...Figure 1.27 Orthodontic assessments. (a) Lateral and (b) posteroanterior ray...Figure 1.28 Periodontal tissue assessment. (a) Reformatted panoramic image s...Figure 1.29 Postsurgical maxillofacial assessments. 3D (a) oblique and (b) f...Figure 1.30 Mandibular third molar relation with IAN canal. (a) Reformatted ...Figure 1.31 Mandibular third molar relation with IAN canal. Various CBCT ima...Figure 1.32 Complication during mandibular third molar extraction. (a) Cropp...Figure 1.33 Complication during maxillary third molar extraction. (a) Reform...Figure 1.34 Maxillofacial trauma. (a) Frontal and (b) oblique 3D surface ren...Figure 1.35 Intraosseous pathology. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) axial, an...Figure 1.36 Extremity assessment. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and ...Figure 1.37 Cervical vertebrae assessments. (a) Coronal and (b) sagittal ima...Figure 1.38 Sagittal CBCT view showing reduced airway space in a patient wit...Figure 1.39 Extended neck sagittal CBCT scan.Figure 1.40 Foreign body in hypopharynx. Coronal image shows a foreign body ...Figure 1.41 Selective windowing in CBCT image resembling a soft‐kernel MDCT....Figure 1.42 Sinonasal evaluation. Coronal CBCT shows slight mucosal thickeni...Figure 1.43 ENT assessments. Various 3D surface rendering CBCT reconstructio...Figure 1.44 ENT assessments in a patient with history of facial trauma. Vari...Figure 1.45 Maxillofacial evaluations in a patient with Treacher Collins syn...Figure 1.46 TMJ assessments in a patient with bilateral hypoplastic condyles...Figure 1.47 Bony TMJ ankyloses. Various 3D surface rendering CBCT images use...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Metal artifacts appearing as radiolucent and radiopaque lines, di...Figure 2.2 Metal artifact reduction by use of a smaller field of view (FOV),...Figure 2.3 Noise reduces accuracy in displaying gray values. Axial CBCT view...Figure 2.4 3D reconstructions according to level of gray values. Adding more...Figure 2.5 Image noise is higher in facial concavities. 3D surface rendering...Figure 2.6 (a,b) Axial CBCT images show gray values in the air anterior to t...Figure 2.7 X‐ray photons are not attenuated in some projections (e.g., while...Figure 2.8 (a,b) Puffed‐cheek CBCT acquisition results in better reconstruct...Figure 2.9 (a) Conventional CBCT scan versus (b) puffed‐cheek technique. In ...Figure 2.10 Patient profile while capturing a CBCT scan. (a) Normal profile,...Figure 2.11 Cross‐sectional‐view CBCT, showing how the thickness of the peri...Figure 2.12 CBCT scan of (a) an orange and (b) an apple. When the size of th...Figure 2.13 (a) in vitro CBCT images of a ring containing a metallic compart...Figure 2.14 (a,b) 3D reconstruction and (c) axial CBCT views showing that wh...Figure 2.15 Cone beam artifact and stitch artifact. (a) Coronal and (b) sagi...Figure 2.16 End of FOV resulting in a circle‐like opacity. CBCT acquisition ...Figure 2.17 Small FOV with mal‐positioning of the patient results in higher ...Figure 2.18 Effect of thyroid shield on a CBCT scan. (a) Coronal, (b) sagitt...Figure 2.19 in vitro CBCT scan of a water specimen. (a) FOV is smaller than ...Figure 2.20 Posterior portions of an image will be more opaque than normal w...Figure 2.21 Two CBCT scans with the same kilovolt peak (kVp) and FOV, but di...Figure 2.22 Patient's head position during CBCT scan affects image quality. ...Figure 2.23 Reduction in metal artifact near posterior teeth using puffed‐ch...Figure 2.24 When FOV diameter is larger than detector size, each portion of ...Figure 2.25 Aliasing artifacts. Due to undersampling, this artifact is clear...Figure 2.26 Combination of operator faults in capturing a CBCT image. Glasse...Figure 2.27 CBCT of dried dental and osseous specimen with no peripheral sof...Figure 2.28 White streak beam hardening artifact in maxillary sinus. Reconst...Figure 2.29 White streak beam hardening artifact superimposed on a unilocula...Figure 2.30 Standard CBCT reconstruction versus reconstruction using a metal...Figure 2.31 Suspected contact of two dental implant fixtures. (a) In fact, t...Figure 2.32 Inherent noise of CBCT images, especially in soft tissue regions...Figure 2.33 Circular or ring artifact. Poor calibration and imperfections in...Figure 2.34 Smile like these teeth!

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Multiplanar reformation (MPR) in three main planes. CBCT scan wit...Figure 3.2 Mandibular anatomic landmarks. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) 3D ...Figure 3.3 Maxillary anatomic landmarks. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) 3D s...Figure 3.4 Lateral fossa. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐sectional, (c...Figure 3.5 Mental fossa. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐sectional, and...Figure 3.6 Submandibular fossa. (a) Reformatted panoramic image showing the ...Figure 3.7 Nasopalatine canal. (a) Sagittal MPR and (b) 3D surface rendering...Figure 3.8 (a–c) Three different types of normal nasopalatine canal.Figure 3.9 Gubernacular canal. CBCT images of a patient complaining of impac...Figure 3.10 Assessment of dental pulp morphology in three planes. (a) Sagitt...Figure 3.11 Dental pulp morphology. Limited‐FOV CBCT scans showing the morph...Figure 3.12 Cortical bone fenestration. (a) Axial and (b) coronal CBCT secti...Figure 3.13 Maxillary tooth root proximity to sinus floor. (a) Coronal and (...Figure 3.14 Mandibular third molar root relation to inferior alveolar nerve ...Figure 3.15 Retromolar branch of IAN. Reformatted panoramic images show the ...Figure 3.16 Retromolar branch of IAN. Various 3D CBCT reconstructions better...Figure 3.17 Limited‐FOV CBCT image of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). (a)...Figure 3.18 Anterior pneumatization of maxillary sinus. (a) Reformatted pano...Figure 3.19 Excessive left maxillary sinus pneumatization in the first molar...Figure 3.20 Large mental foramens. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and...Figure 3.21 Four mental foramens. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and ...Figure 3.22 Three mental foramens. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and...Figure 3.23 Multiple branches of IAN canal in anterior mandible. Branches ar...Figure 3.24 Multiple branches of IAN canal in posterior mandible. Note the d...Figure 3.25 IAN canal near inferior border of mandible. Reformatted panorami...Figure 3.26 Atypical branch of IAN canal opening to posterior left mandible ...Figure 3.27 Large stafne defect. (a) Reformatted cross‐sectional, (b) corona...Figure 3.28 Deep sublingual gland fossa. (a) Reformatted panoramic showing a...Figure 3.29 Severe concavity in anterior mandible resembling pseudolesion. (...Figure 3.30 Large concha bullosa. Selected coronal section through the nasal...Figure 3.31 Supreme turbinate. Selected coronal section through the nasal tu...Figure 3.32 Pneumatization of articular eminence originating from mastoid ai...Figure 3.33 Spheno‐occipital synchondrosis. Clivus is the sloping midline su...Figure 3.34 Axial CBCT image through odontoid process of C2 vertebrae shows ...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Normal dental landmarks and periodontium: (1) bone marrow and tra...Figure 4.2 Normal anatomy of a tooth and dental decay. (a) Reformatted panor...Figure 4.3 Hypercementosis. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) cropped maximum i...Figure 4.4 Severe root dilacerations in impacted maxillary third molars. 3D ...Figure 4.5 Root dilacerations. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) sagittal CB...Figure 4.6 Tooth abrasion. 3D surface rendering image showing multiple cervi...Figure 4.7 Tooth attrition. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) 3D surface ren...Figure 4.8 Patient with severe chronic bruxism. Multiplanar reformation CBCT...Figure 4.9 Peg‐shaped lateral incisor. (a) 3D surface rendering, (b) reforma...Figure 4.10 Generalized microdontia. Reformatted panoramic showing generally...Figure 4.11 Macrodontia. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) 3D surface render...Figure 4.12 Dens in dente. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐sectional, a...Figure 4.13 Dens in dente. (a) MIP, (b) 3D surface rendering, (c) cross‐sect...Figure 4.14 Enamel pearl. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) 3D s...Figure 4.15 Dense bone island causing external root resorption. (a) Cropped ...Figure 4.16 Infected mandibular right third molar with regular blunted root ...Figure 4.17 Replacement resorption and ankyloses in a patient with history o...Figure 4.18 3D surface rendering showing idiopathic root resorption on the l...Figure 4.19 Uncommon malposed impacted teeth with resorption. (a) Reformatte...Figure 4.20 Amelogenesis imperfecta. Reformatted panoramic CBCT view from (a...Figure 4.21 Distomolar. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) 3D surface renderi...Figure 4.22 Amelogenesis imperfecta with multiple impactions. (a) Reformatte...Figure 4.23 Cleidocranial dysplasia. Reformatted panoramic view from (a) max...Figure 4.24 Dentin dysplasia type 1. Reformatted panoramic from (a) maxilla ...Figure 4.25 Resurfacing tooth structure with ceramic laminate. (a) Axial, (b...Figure 4.26 Impacted mandibular right canine due to presence of a compound o...Figure 4.27 Transposition. (a) Axial, (b) reformatted panoramic, (c) sagitta...Figure 4.28 Mesioangular impacted third molar. (a) 3D surface rendering and ...Figure 4.29 Distoangular impacted third molar. Various 3D surface rendering ...Figure 4.30 Impaction of maxillary canine. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cr...Figure 4.31 Bilateral buccally positioned maxillary canine. Various 3D surfa...Figure 4.32 Mesiodense. (a) Axial, (b) reformatted panoramic, (c) 3D surface...Figure 4.33 Types of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) canal and third molar pro...Figure 4.34 Trace of IAN canal on impacted tooth (grooving).Figure 4.35 Types of IAN canal position relative to the root of impacted too...Figure 4.36 Types of impacted tooth contact with mandibular cortical plate....Figure 4.37 Mesioangular positioned impacted third molar. CBCT images of imp...Figure 4.38 Impacted third molar. (a,b) Reformatted panoramic, (c) cross‐sec...Figure 4.39 Impacted left mandibular canine and second premolar. (a) 3D surf...Figure 4.40 Impacted second premolar. (a) Axial, (b) 3D surface rendering, (...Figure 4.41 Impacted third molar and second premolar. (a) Reformatted 3D, (b...Figure 4.42 3D surface rendering CBCT images showing impacted right and left...Figure 4.43 Multiple supernumerary teeth. CBCT images of the four quadrants ...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Palatal cleft. (a) Serial coronal, (b) sagittal, and (c) 3D surfa...Figure 5.2 Hemifacial microsomia. (a) Frontal and (b) lateral 3D surface ren...Figure 5.3 Cleidocranial dysplasia. (a) Lateral maximum intensity projectionFigure 5.4 Ectodermal dysplasia. Reconstructed panoramic and 3D surface rend...Figure 5.5 Treacher Collins syndrome. (a) 3D surface rendering and (b) full‐...Figure 5.6 Patient with Down syndrome. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) ant...Figure 5.7 Hemifacial hyperplasia. Overgrowth involving left maxilla and man...Figure 5.8 Condylar hyperplasia. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, (d) 3...Figure 5.9 Asymmetric growth of mandible. Right hyperplastic condyle in a pa...Figure 5.10 Skeletal class III. Overgrowth of mandible in relation to maxill...Figure 5.11 Bony ankylosis of left TMJ due to history of trauma (red arrow)....Figure 5.12 Osteoporotic bone defect. (a) Serial cross‐sectional and (b) rec...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Horizontal root fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, a...Figure 6.2 Horizontal fracture in the left central incisor. (a) Reformatted ...Figure 6.3 Complicated crown fracture. (a) Axial, (b) sagittal, (c) reformat...Figure 6.4 Vertical root fracture (VRF). (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, and (c) ...Figure 6.5 VRF in the left first mandibular molar. (a) Cropped reformatted p...Figure 6.6 Old comminuted root fracture. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cros...Figure 6.7 VRF. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) coronal, (c) sagittal, (d) ax...Figure 6.8 Complicated crown‐root fracture, traumatic Intrusion of maxillary...Figure 6.9 Alveolar fracture. (a) MIP reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐secti...Figure 6.10 Alveolar fracture. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, (c) reformatt...Figure 6.11 Alveolar fracture. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, (c) reformatt...Figure 6.12 Mandibular lingual cortical bone fracture due to extensive force...Figure 6.13 Avulsion of teeth due to trauma to anterior maxilla. (a) Axial C...Figure 6.14 Alveolar and tooth fracture in anterior maxilla. (a) Reformatted...Figure 6.15 Alveolar fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d)...Figure 6.16 Iatrogenic tooth root drilling. Patient had history of chin trau...Figure 6.17 Alveolar and tooth fracture in anterior maxilla. (a) Panoramic r...Figure 6.18 Mandibular body fracture due to traumatic dental implant inserti...Figure 6.19 Nasal bone fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal MIP, (c) axial MI...Figure 6.20 Nasal bone fracture. (a) 3D surface rendering, (b) sagittal MIP,...Figure 6.21 Nasal bone fracture. Various 3D surface rendering CBCT images of...Figure 6.22 Old fracture in zygomatic arch. (a) Axial and (b) 3D surface ren...Figure 6.23 Condylar neck fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) 3D MIP, (c) axial MIP, ...Figure 6.24 Multiple fracture of mandible. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) ax...Figure 6.25 Multiple fracture in maxilla and mandible. (a) Axial and (b) sag...Figure 6.26 Unilateral condylar fracture in a 50‐year‐old woman with history...Figure 6.27 Right condylar neck fracture and left condylar fibrous ankylosis...Figure 6.28 Maxillary bone fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, a...Figure 6.29 Maxillary bone fracture and emphysema in the orbit. (a) Coronal,...Figure 6.30 Old bilateral condylar head and neck fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) ...Figure 6.31 Maxillary and pterygoid plate fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) sagitta...Figure 6.32 Frontal bone fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and...Figure 6.33 Frontal and parietal bone fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (...Figure 6.34 History of old frontal fracture. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) ...Figure 6.35 History of trauma to frontal bone. (a) Axial view of skull showi...Figure 6.36 Multiple maxillofacial fractures due to fall injury. (a) Coronal...Figure 6.37 Multiple jaw fracture in atrophic edentulous mandible. (a) Refor...Figure 6.38 Genial tubercle fracture. (a) Serial axial and (b) 3D surface re...Figure 6.39 Multiple craniofacial fractures. 3D surface rendering CBCT image...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Wharton duct sialolithiasis. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial...Figure 7.2 Multiple sialoliths. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial MIP, an...Figure 7.3 Small sialolithiasis in a seven‐year‐old child – a rare condition...Figure 7.4 Calcified submandibular lymph node. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c...Figure 7.5 Multiple bilateral small submandibular lymph nodes. (a) Coronal, ...Figure 7.6 Calcified lymph node between the retropharyngeal space and the pr...Figure 7.7 Multiple bilateral tonsiloliths. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) a...Figure 7.8 Tonsilolith. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial MIP, and (d) 3D...Figure 7.9 Pheloboliths. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial MIP, and (d) 3...Figure 7.10 Facial artery calcification. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axia...Figure 7.11 Carotid artery calcification (atherosclerosis). (a) Coronal, (b)...Figure 7.12 Carotid artery calcification (calcified atherosclerotic plaque)....Figure 7.13 Calcification of the thyroid cartilage. (a) Coronal, (b) sagitta...Figure 7.14 Stylohyoid ligament ossification. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c)...Figure 7.15 Osteoma cutis. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial MIP, and (d)...Figure 7.16 Deeply positioned osteoma cutis. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) ...Figure 7.17 Multiple linear osteoma cutis. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) ax...Figure 7.18 Calcification of sebaceous cyst. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) ...Figure 7.19 Calcification in brain. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial MIP...Figure 7.20 Calcification in external ear. (a) 3D MIP, (b) 3D surface render...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Gunshot. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) 3D surface...Figure 8.2 Gunshot. (a) 3D surface rendering, (b) coronal, and (c) cropped p...Figure 8.3 Gunshot. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) maximum in...Figure 8.4 Gunshot. (a) Sagittal, (b) coronal, and (d) axial CBCT images of ...Figure 8.5 Gunshot. (a,c) Lateral and (b) frontal MIP and (d–f) 3D surface r...Figure 8.6 Gunshot. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial MIP, and (d) 3D sur...Figure 8.7 Gunshot. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, and (c) 3D reconstruction CBC...Figure 8.8 Gunshot. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) MIP recons...Figure 8.9 Gunshot. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) 3D surface...Figure 8.10 Gunshot. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) 3D surfac...Figure 8.11 Gunshot. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) 3D surface rendering, an...Figure 8.12 History of trauma to the mandible, surgical reconstruction, and ...Figure 8.13 Fractured bur during mandibular third molar extraction. (a) Axia...Figure 8.14 Chewing gum. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) 3D su...Figure 8.15 Chewing gum. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) 3D su...Figure 8.16 Glass. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) 3D surface ...Figure 8.17 Orbital prosthesis. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d...Figure 8.18 Lipophiloic contrast medium in cerebrospinal fluid. (a) Panorami...Figure 8.19 Amalgam tattoo. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) 3D...Figure 8.20 Remained amalgam filling. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, ...Figure 8.21 Remained amalgam filling. (a,d) 3D surface rendering, (b) sagitt...Figure 8.22 Remained calcium hydroxide filling material. (a) Coronal, (b) sa...Figure 8.23 Foreign body in orbit. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and...Figure 8.24 Radiopaque eyeliner. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial MIP, a...Figure 8.25 Fish bone in throat. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (...Figure 8.26 Foreign body in cyst. (a) 3D surface rendering, (b) cross‐sectio...Figure 8.27 Remained amalgam filling. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, ...Figure 8.28 Foreign body in nose. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and ...Figure 8.29 Overfilling gutta‐percha. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, ...Figure 8.30 Sealer puff. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, and (c) panoramic r...Figure 8.31 Overfilling gutta‐percha. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, (c) pa...Figure 8.32 Remained gutta‐percha. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, (c) panor...Figure 8.33 Overfilling gutta‐percha. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, ...Figure 8.34 Remained gutta‐percha. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and...Figure 8.35 Broken endodontic file. (a) Cropped reformatted panoramic image ...Figure 8.36 Cheek prosthesis. 3D surface rendering and MIP (second row middl...Figure 8.37 Cheek prosthesis. (a) Axial and (b) coronal views showing bilate...Figure 8.38 Cheek prosthesis. 3D surface rendering and MIP (second row left)...Figure 8.39 Chin prosthesis. (a) 3D surface rendering of mandible and (b) sa...Figure 8.40 Broken needle due to abrupt movement of patient during administr...Figure 8.41 Broken needle following administration of inferior alveolar nerv...Figure 8.42 Broken needle remaining during the administration of inferior al...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 CBCT in assessing different root canal types. Selected sectional ...Figure 9.2 C‐shaped root canal. Serial axial CBCT image showing a C‐shaped r...Figure 9.3 Accessory canal. Selected cross‐sectional CBCT image showing a la...Figure 9.4 Buccal cortical plate perforation associated with accessory canal...Figure 9.5 Pulp chamber floor anatomy. Cropped surface rendering 3D CBCT ima...Figure 9.6 Dens invaginatus. Selected cross‐sectional CBCT image showing an ...Figure 9.7 Calcified root canal. Selected cross‐sectional CBCT image of a le...Figure 9.8 Pulp stones. Selected cross‐sectional CBCT image demonstrating a ...Figure 9.9 Pulp sclerosis. (a) Axial and (b) sagittal CBCT images showing a ...Figure 9.10 Pulp sclerosis associated with history of trauma. (a) Serial axi...Figure 9.11 Missed root canals. (a–e) Selected serial axial CBCT images in d...Figure 9.12 Missed root canal. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, (c) reformatt...Figure 9.13 Missed root canal filling. Various CBCT reconstructions indicati...Figure 9.14 Over‐extension. Selected cross‐sectional CBCT images of differen...Figure 9.15 Over‐extension of root canal fillings into the soft tissue. (a) ...Figure 9.16 Over‐extension of gutta‐percha into buccal soft tissue. (a) 3D s...Figure 9.17 Under‐extension of root canal filling. Selected cross‐sectional ...Figure 9.18 Sealer puff. Selected cross‐sectional CBCT images of different p...Figure 9.19 Massive sealer puff into the maxillary sinus. (a) Maximum intens...Figure 9.20 Sealer puff. (a) Cross‐sectional, (b) reformatted panoramic, and...Figure 9.21 Poor obturation. Sagittal CBCT images of different patients with...Figure 9.22 Poor obturation in maxillary second premolar. (a) Cross‐sectiona...Figure 9.23 Transportation. Serial axial CBCT images showing transportation ...Figure 9.24 Poor obturation. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) cross‐section...Figure 9.25 External root resorption in poorly obturated maxillary central i...Figure 9.26 Fractured endodontic file. (a) Cross‐sectional and (b) CBCT imag...Figure 9.27 Lateral root perforation caused by custom‐made post. Sagittal CB...Figure 9.28 Internal root resorption. Selected cross‐sectional CBCT images o...Figure 9.29 Internal root resorption. (a) Cross‐sectional and (b) serial axi...Figure 9.30 Internal root resorption extending to the outer surface of the r...Figure 9.31 External root resorption.Figure 9.32 Retrograde root canal filling and mineral trioxide aggregate (MT...Figure 9.33 Surgical scar involving inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) canal. Cro...Figure 9.34 Surgical scar. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐sectional, (...Figure 9.35 CBCT in assessing vertical and horizontal bone loss. (a) Vertica...Figure 9.36 Generalized periodontitis. The distance from CEJ to alveolar cre...Figure 9.37 Generalized periodontitis with vertical defects. Reformatted pan...Figure 9.38 Multiple localized vertical bone loss lesions. Note the open con...Figure 9.39 Localized vertical bone loss. Note the heavy calculus formation ...Figure 9.40 Periodontal lesions with no remaining bony wall. (a) The patient...Figure 9.41 One‐wall intra bony periodontal defect. 3D surface rendering CBC...Figure 9.42 Two‐wall intra bony periodontal defect. Serial modified sagittal...Figure 9.43 Three‐wall intra bony periodontal defect. The only missing bony ...Figure 9.44 Two intra bony periodontal defects in neighboring teeth. 3D surf...Figure 9.45 Furcation involvement. CBCT could reveal occult periodontal lesi...Figure 9.46 Impact of section thickness in detecting a periodontal lesion in...Figure 9.47 Furcation involvement in a case with root amputation. (a) Serial...Figure 9.48 Periodontal pockets caused by impacted third molars. (a) Axial a...Figure 9.49 Calculus formation in deep periodontal pocket. (a) Coronal, (b) ...Figure 9.50 Dental calculus. Reformatted panoramic view showing dental calcu...Figure 9.51 Cephalometric landmarks. (1) Glabella (G): most anterior point o...Figure 9.52 Three‐dimensional evaluation. Various CBCT viewers providing dif...Figure 9.53 Left maxillary sinus volume measurement. CBCT enables maxillary ...Figure 9.54 Reconstructing projection radiographs. Using the x‐ray 3D view o...Figure 9.55 More facial height can be scanned with the patient‘s head tilted...Figure 9.56 Orthodontic tooth movement and resultant PDL widening. (a) Recon...Figure 9.57 Ankyloses. Impacted premolar with difficulty in eruption and res...Figure 9.58 Idiopathic osteosclerosis inhibiting orthodontic tooth movement....Figure 9.59 Ankyloses of primary left first molar and alveolar bone sclerosi...Figure 9.60 Severe deep bite. Sectioned 3D CBCT images of a patient with sev...Figure 9.61 Impacted right mandibular molars. (a) Cropped panoramic and (b) ...Figure 9.62 Transposition of left canine and first premolar, absence of righ...Figure 9.63 Bilateral palatal impacted maxillary canines. Anterosuperior (le...Figure 9.64 Space loss and malpositioned impacted canines. Various 3D surfac...Figure 9.65 Mesiodense. CBCT 3D reconstruction showing the presence of a mal...Figure 9.66 Partial transposition of right canine and first premolar. (a) Ax...Figure 9.67 Palatally positioned left canine. (a) Axial, (b) reformatted pan...Figure 9.68 Patient in need of orthosurgery due to severe malocclusion. 3D C...Figure 9.69 Impacted permanent canines with orientation toward midline. Note...Figure 9.70 Bilateral impacted mandibular canine and supernumerary incisors....Figure 9.71 Manual tooth segmentation to locate and analyze anatomical struc...Figure 9.72 Left palatal cleft. (a) Reconstructed panoramic, (b) 3D transpar...Figure 9.73 Assessment of volume of palatal cleft prior to bone graft. CBCT ...Figure 9.74 Bilateral palatal cleft. (a) MIP, (b) 3D surface rendering, and ...Figure 9.75 Mid‐palatal screw. (a) Occlusal and (b) sagittal 3D surface rend...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Inflammatory pulpo‐periapical lesion. (a) Cross‐sectional view o...Figure 10.2 Radicular cyst. (a) Cross‐sectional view showing a well‐defined ...Figure 10.3 Radicular cyst. (a) Reformatted panoramic image showing a well‐d...Figure 10.4 Bilateral radicular cyst of primary molars. (a) Reformatted pano...Figure 10.5 Multiple cysts of jaw. Reformatted panoramic images from (a) max...Figure 10.6 Residual cyst. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) cross‐sectional...Figure 10.7 Healing process in residual odontogenic cyst. (a) Reformatted pa...Figure 10.8 Large infected radicular cyst. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) ax...Figure 10.9 Periocoronitis. (a) Cropped panoramic reformat and (b) cross‐sec...Figure 10.10 Chronic osteomyelitis. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, (c) refo...Figure 10.11 Chronic osteomyelitis. (a) Axial image showing lytic destructio...Figure 10.12 Chronic osteomyelitis. (a) Reformatted panoramic image showing ...Figure 10.13 Chronic osteomyelitis caused by infected remained root. (a) Axi...Figure 10.14 Chronic osteomyelitis at the site of extracted right third mola...Figure 10.15 Hyperplastic follicle. (a) Reformatted panoramic image showing ...Figure 10.16 Dentigerous cyst. (a) Reformatted panoramic image with hash lin...Figure 10.17 Odontogenic kerato cyst (OKC). (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b...Figure 10.18 OKC. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) cross‐sectional images s...Figure 10.19 Small cyst‐like OKC. Axial view showing a well‐defined corticat...Figure 10.20 OKC. Note the scalloping feature between the teeth.Figure 10.21 Multiple OKCs in a patient with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syn...Figure 10.22 Healing OKC. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) cross‐sectional ...Figure 10.23 Lateral periodontal cyst (LPC). (a) Reformatted panoramic and (...Figure 10.24 Botryoid odontogenic cyst. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, and ...Figure 10.25 Bilateral buccal bifurcation cyst (BBC). (a) Reformatted panora...Figure 10.26 Glandular odontogenic cyst. (a) Axial, (b) cropped panoramic, a...Figure 10.27 Odontogenic myxoma in anterior mandible. (a) Reformatted panora...Figure 10.28 Ameloblastoma in posterior mandible. (a) Reformatted panoramic,...Figure 10.29 Unicystic ameloblastoma. The lesion has developed pericoronal t...Figure 10.30 Desmoplastic ameloblastoma. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) axia...Figure 10.31 Ameloblastic fibroma. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐sect...Figure 10.32 Ameloblastic fibro‐odontoma. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) ...Figure 10.33 Cystic odontoma. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) axial, and (c) ...Figure 10.34 Compound odontoma. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) maximum inten...Figure 10.35 Complex odontoma. (a) 3D surface rendering showing severe expan...Figure 10.36 Infection superimposed on complex odontoma. (a) Coronal, (b) sa...Figure 10.37 Hypercementosis. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) cross‐sectio...Figure 10.38 Cementoblastoma. (a) Reformatted panoramic image showing an amo...Figure 10.39 Periapical cemento osseous dysplasia (PCOD) at apex of left man...Figure 10.40 PCOD in early radiolucent stage. (a) Reformatted panoramic and ...Figure 10.41 Fibro‐osseous lesion inferior to IAN canal. (a) Reformatted pan...Figure 10.42 PCOD at site of previously extracted tooth. (a) Reformatted pan...Figure 10.43 PCOD at site of previously extracted teeth. (a) Reformatted pan...Figure 10.44 Focal cemento osseous dysplasia (FCOD). The lesion is radiopaqu...Figure 10.45 FCOD exposed at alveolar crest. The patient has a history of FC...Figure 10.46 Florid cemento ossoeus dysplasia (FLCOD). (a) Reformatted panor...Figure 10.47 Cemento ossifying fibroma (COF). (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b)...Figure 10.48 COF. (a) Serial axial and (b) serial coronal views showing an e...Figure 10.49 Bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis (BRONJ). (a) Reforma...Figure 10.50 Bone sclerosis and lamina dura thickening (arrows) due to consu...Figure 10.51 Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in mandible. (a) Reformatted panoramic...Figure 10.52 ORN causing jaw fracture. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) 3D ...Figure 10.53 ORN in maxilla. (a) Reformatted panoramic image showing lytic o...Figure 10.54 Nasopalatine duct cyst. Sagittal views showing cystic formation...Figure 10.55 Simple bone cyst (SBC). (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) sagittal...Figure 10.56 SBC developing within a focus of osseous dysplasia. (a) Reforma...Figure 10.57 Nasolabial cyst. (a) Axial and (b) 3D surface rendering images ...Figure 10.58 Stafne defect. (a) Axial and (b) 3D surface rendering images sh...Figure 10.59 Stafne defect in inferior border of mandible. (a) Reformatted p...Figure 10.60 Multiple dense bone islands (DBIs) in the mandible. (a) Reforma...Figure 10.61 Idiopathic osteosclerosis. (a) Reformatted panoramic image show...Figure 10.62 Sclerosing osteitis and root resorption. (a) Reformatted panora...Figure 10.63 Hyperostosis. (a) Axial and (b) 3D surface rendering images sho...Figure 10.64 Cortical hyperostosis on chin. A 15‐year‐old boy complained fro...Figure 10.65 Ossifying subperiosteal hematoma in a 14‐year‐old boy with a hi...Figure 10.66 Bilateral mandibular tori. (a) Axial and (b) 3D surface renderi...Figure 10.67 Frontal sinus osteoma. (a) Coronal and (b) sagittal views showi...Figure 10.68 Osteoma in the ethmoid sinus. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) ax...Figure 10.69 Osteoma in maxillary sinus. Serial coronal CBCT images showing ...Figure 10.70 Osteoma. (a) Axial and (b) 3D reformatted panoramic images show...Figure 10.71 Multiple cortical osteoma. (a,b) 3D surface rendering showing m...Figure 10.72 Mixed cancellous and cortical osteoma. Axial view showing an os...Figure 10.73 Osteochondroma of condylar head. (a) Axial and (b) coronal view...Figure 10.74 Traumatic neuroma. Reformatted panoramic view of the mandible s...Figure 10.75 Neurilemoma. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) cross‐sectional ...Figure 10.76 Osteoid osteoma of temporal bone. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c...Figure 10.77 Osteoid osteoma in anterior mandible. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sect...Figure 10.78 Osteoid osteoma in posterior mandible. (a) Reformatted panorami...Figure 10.79 Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) in anterior mandible. (a) R...Figure 10.80 CGCG in anterior mandible. Same case as in Figure 10.80, 1 year...Figure 10.81 Aggressive CGCG in right maxilla. Coronal view showing destruct...Figure 10.82 Cherubism and CGCG in anterior mandible. (a) Conventional panor...Figure 10.83 Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC). (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axia...Figure 10.84 Desmoplastic fibroma of zygomatic bone. A 10‐year‐old patient p...Figure 10.85 Hemangioma of cheek soft tissue affecting maxilla. (a) Coronal ...Figure 10.86 Soft tissue arteriovenous malformation (AVM). (a) Axial and (b)...Figure 10.87 Soft tissue hemangioma. (a) Serial coronal and (b) 3D reformatt...Figure 10.88 Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (FD). (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal,...Figure 10.89 Unifocal FD in left side of maxilla. (a,b) Reformatted panorami...Figure 10.90 FD in left side of mandible. (a) Reformatted panoramic image sh...Figure 10.91 Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in ramus. (a) Coronal, (b) ...Figure 10.92 LCH in alveolar process. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, (c) re...Figure 10.93 Patient with history of multiple myeloma and treatment with bis...Figure 10.94 Ewing sarcoma with history of chemotherapy. (a) Reformatted pan...Figure 10.95 Injection of steroids intralesional in CGCG as a treatment moda...Figure 10.96 Osteolytic osteosarcoma. (a) Reformatted panoramic image showin...Figure 10.97 Chondrosarcoma in anterior maxilla. (a) Reformatted panoramic a...Figure 10.98 Perineural extension malignancy to IAN canal. Reformatted panor...Figure 10.99 Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) in posterior palate. Patient presented...Figure 10.100 Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). The patient complained...Figure 10.101 PA of right submandibular gland. (a) 3D surface rendering show...Figure 10.102 Acute Lymphatic Leukemia (ALL) in a 12‐year‐old boy with a his...Figure 10.103 Leukemia. (a,b) Reformatted panoramic images of the maxilla (a...Figure 10.104 Lymphoma. (a) Occlusal photography of maxilla showing expansio...Figure 10.105 Thalassemia. (a,b) Axial views of the mandible (a) and maxilla...Figure 10.106 Paget disease. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐sectional,...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Paranasal sinuses and airway CBCT 3D reconstruction modality. (a...Figure 11.2 Various reconstruction modalities for ENT assessment in CBCT. (a...Figure 11.3 Endoscopic CBCT reconstruction modality. Cropped axial view clea...Figure 11.4 Endoscopic CBCT reconstruction modality in a patient with chroni...Figure 11.5 Cropped endoscopic CBCT reconstruction clearly showing the epigl...Figure 11.6 Assessment of nose prior to rhinoplasty. 3D surface rendering im...Figure 11.7 Assessment of nose prior to rhinoplasty. Patient complained of d...Figure 11.8 Standard display modes of paranasal sinus anatomy. (a) Axial, (b...Figure 11.9 Various types of septal deviation. (a) Normal straight septa. (b...Figure 11.10 Ear anatomy in CBCT. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, and (c) axial C...Figure 11.11 Middle ear ossicles. (a) Sagittal, (b) 3D zoom, (c) axial, and ...Figure 11.12 Examples of normal variations in sino‐nasal airspaces. (a) Larg...Figure 11.13 Osteoma in frontal sinus. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial,...Figure 11.14 Bone nodules in maxillary sinus. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, and...Figure 11.15 Unusual bone formation inside maxillary sinus floor and walls a...Figure 11.16 Mucous retention cyst (also known as retention pseudo cyst) in ...Figure 11.17 Large mucous retention cyst. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cor...Figure 11.18 Fungal sinusitis. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, and (c) axial CBCT...Figure 11.19 Fungal sinusitis. Coronal CBCT image showing a large fungus bal...Figure 11.20 Chronic sinusitis. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, and (c) axial CBC...Figure 11.21 Chronic sinusitis. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) serial cor...Figure 11.22 Mucocele in maxillary sinus. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axi...Figure 11.23 Inverted papilloma. Coronal cross‐sectional images showing a so...Figure 11.24 Extranodal non‐Hodgkin lymphoma affecting maxillary sinus. (a) ...Figure 11.25 Nasal turbinectomy. Serial coronal images showing complete remo...Figure 11.26 Extensive functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in a patie...Figure 11.27 Unsuccessful bone graft and sinus lift. (a) Reformatted panoram...Figure 11.28 Root fragment in maxillary sinus. (a) Reformatted panoramic and...Figure 11.29 Displaced root tip in maxillary sinus and dental sinusitis. (a)...Figure 11.30 Accidental implant displacement into maxillary sinus. (a) Coron...Figure 11.31 Proximity of tooth roots to sinus floor. (a,b) Reformatted pano...Figure 11.32 Mucosal thickening due to overfilling gutta‐percha after root c...Figure 11.33 Unilateral maxillary sinusitis due to oro‐antral fistula. (a) R...Figure 11.34 Radicular cyst associated with maxillary molar root. (a–c) Refo...Figure 11.35 Dental inflammatory lesion causing sinusitis. (a) Reformatted p...Figure 11.36 Dentigerous cyst in maxillary sinus. (a) Reformatted panoramic ...Figure 11.37 Residual cyst in the maxilla mimicking a pneumatized sinus. (a)...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 IAN canal. Cropped 3D volumetric CBCT images with IAN tracing in...Figure 12.2 IAN canal. Reformatted panoramic view on a CBCT image of an eden...Figure 12.3 3D surface rendering CBCT images of the mandible. (a) Large ment...Figure 12.4 Osteomyelitis in mandible. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, (c) r...Figure 12.5 Lingually positioned mental foramen. (a,b) Axial maximum intensi...Figure 12.6 IAN canal widening due to presence of schwannoma. Reformatted pa...Figure 12.7 Benign neurilemmoma. Reformatted panoramic CBCT image showing th...Figure 12.8 Malignant lesion of IAN canal. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b)...Figure 12.9 Perineural invasion of osteosarcoma. Reformatted panoramic CBCT ...Figure 12.10 Inferiorly positioned IAN canal. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional...Figure 12.11 Edentulous atrophic mandibular ridge. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sect...Figure 12.12 Indistinct IAN canal. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, (c) refor...Figure 12.13 History of soft tissue hemangioma. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐section...Figure 12.14 Dentigerous cyst. Reformatted panoramic CBCT image of the mandi...Figure 12.15 Odontogentic kerato cyst (OKC). Reformatted panoramic CBCT imag...Figure 12.16 Ameloblastoma. Reformatted panoramic CBCT image of the mandible...Figure 12.17 Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG). Reformatted panoramic CBCT...Figure 12.18 Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC). Reformatted panoramic CBCT image of...Figure 12.19 Proximity of implant to mental foramen. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐se...Figure 12.20 Overdrilling prior to implant insertion. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐s...Figure 12.21 Narrowing of IAN canal. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, and (c)...Figure 12.22 Implant contact to IAN canal. (a) Axial, (b) cross‐sectional, a...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 CBCT for implant site assessment in edentulous mandible. (a) Pan...Figure 13.2 CBCT for implant site assessment in edentulous atrophic mandible...Figure 13.3 CBCT for implant site assessment in edentulous maxilla. (a) Pano...Figure 13.4 CBCT for implant site assessment in edentulous atrophic maxilla....Figure 13.5 Various ridge morphologies in maxilla. Cross‐sectional CBCT imag...Figure 13.6 Various ridge morphologies in mandible. Cross‐sectional CBCT ima...Figure 13.7 Quantitative ridge assessments using CBCT. Measurements of (a) a...Figure 13.8 Qualitative bone assessments using CBCT. (a) Cross‐sectional ima...Figure 13.9 Virtual simulation planning for implant placement. (a) Axial, (b...Figure 13.10 Bone density measurement using CBCT. An implant (10 mm height, ...Figure 13.11 Bone density measurement using CBCT. An implant (12 mm height, ...Figure 13.12 Posterior maxillary ridge assessment for implant insertion. (a)...Figure 13.13 Posterior maxillary ridge assessment for implant insertion usin...Figure 13.14 Various methods of ridge measurement in posterior edentulous ma...Figure 13.15 Various methods of ridge measurement in posterior edentulous ma...Figure 13.16 Various methods of ridge measurement in posterior edentulous ma...Figure 13.17 Various methods of ridge measurement in anterior edentulous man...Figure 13.18 Various methods of ridge measurement in anterior mandible: inci...Figure 13.19 Various methods of ridge measurement in anterior edentulous max...Figure 13.20 Various methods of ridge measurement in anterior edentulous max...Figure 13.21 Various methods of ridge measurement in anterior edentulous max...Figure 13.22 Various methods of ridge measurement in anterior atrophic edent...Figure 13.23 Various methods of ridge measurement in posterior edentulous ma...Figure 13.24 (a–d) Suggested available ridge height and width measurements f...Figure 13.25 Mandibular bone graft and reconstruction with customized plate....Figure 13.26 Successful bone graft and sinus lift prior to implant insertion...Figure 13.27 Cortical plate perforation. Selected cross‐sectional reformatte...Figure 13.28 Buccal plate perforation. (a) Reformatted axial, (b) cross‐sect...Figure 13.29 Buccal plate perforation. (a) Reformatted axial, (b) cross‐sect...Figure 13.30 Implant perforation. Selected cross‐sectional reformatted CBCT ...Figure 13.31 Successful closed sinus lift. (a) Reformatted coronal, (b) sagi...Figure 13.32 Dental implant in maxillary sinus. (a) Reconstructed pseudo‐pan...Figure 13.33 Implant in maxillary sinus. (a) Reformatted coronal, (b) sagitt...Figure 13.34 Displaced implant in maxillary sinus. (a) Reformatted coronal, ...Figure 13.35 Implant in maxillary sinus. (a) Reformatted coronal, (b) sagitt...Figure 13.36 Implant failure at right maxillary sinus. (a) Reformatted coron...Figure 13.37 Two cases with left central implant entering incisive canal. Ca...Figure 13.38 Implants involving IAN canal. Selected cross‐sectional reformat...Figure 13.39 Inferior alveolar roof perforation. (a,b) Reconstructed pseudo‐...Figure 13.40 Trauma to IAN canal. (a) Reconstructed pseudo‐panoramic and (b)...Figure 13.41 Overdrilling in IAN canal. (a) Reformatted axial, (b) cross‐sec...Figure 13.42 Implant contact to tooth. (a) Axial and (b) coronal reformatted...Figure 13.43 Implant crossing over tooth root. (a) Reconstructed cross‐secti...Figure 13.44 Contact between implant and tooth. (a) Reformatted sagittal ser...Figure 13.45 Interaction of inserted implant and tooth. (a) Reformatted axia...Figure 13.46 Multiple implant failures in mandible. (a) Reconstructed cross‐...Figure 13.47 Peri‐implantitis. Reformatted pseudo‐panoramic CBCT image showi...Figure 13.48 Peri‐implant crestal bone loss. (a,b) Reformatted pseudo‐panora...Figure 13.49 Peri‐implantitis. (a) Cross‐sectional and (b) pseudo‐panoramic ...Figure 13.50 Implant fracture. (a,b) Reconstructed cross‐sectional CBCT imag...Figure 13.51 Implant contact. (a) Axial and (b) reformatted panoramic images...Figure 13.52 Placement of two sets of implant. The patient was referred to t...Figure 13.53 Chronic osteomyelitis of mandible in diabetic patient. (a) CBCT...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Hyperplasia of right TMJ. (a) Panoramic, (b) 3D reconstruction, ...Figure 14.2 Hypoplasia of both TMJs. (a) Panoramic and (b,c) cropped 3D view...Figure 14.3 Juvenile arthritis affecting both TMJs. (a) Panoramic, (b) axial...Figure 14.4 Juvenile arthritis affecting both TMJs. Same patient as in Figur...Figure 14.5 Fracture of left condylar head. (a) Panoramic, (b) coronal, (c) ...Figure 14.6 Status post‐fracture of both condylar heads and surgical reposit...Figure 14.7 Status post‐fracture of left condyle without surgical reposition...Figure 14.8 Fracture of left coronoid process. (a) Coronal, (b) parasagittal...Figure 14.9 Luxation of both TMJs. (a) Right TMJ parasagittal closed‐mouth, ...Figure 14.10 Shapes of condylar head in coronal plane: (a) round, (b) convex...Figure 14.11 Sclerotization of condyle in osteoarthrosis. (a) Axial, (b) 3D,...Figure 14.12 Erosion in superior surface of condylar head. (a) Thick slice c...Figure 14.13 Ely's cyst. (a,b) Sagittal and (c) coronal views.Figure 14.14 Beaking on anterior surface of condylar head. (a) Thick slice a...Figure 14.15 Restricted movement of left TMJ due to post‐traumatic lesions. ...Figure 14.16 Large ameloblastoma entering right mandibular condyle. (a) Axia...Figure 14.17 Metastatic osteolytic lesion derived from lung cancer in right ...Figure 14.18 Chondromatosis of right TMJ. (a) Panoramic, (b) 3D reconstructi...Figure 14.19 Status post‐surgical treatment of chondromatosis of left TMJ. (...Figure 14.20 Status post‐excision of right mandibular ramus and fragment of ...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 CBCT sialography could help improve the visualization of the duc...Figure 15.2 Normal arborizing pattern of parotid salivary gland following re...Figure 15.3 Normal parotid CBCT sialogram. Negative MIP top view shows norma...Figure 15.4 Normal submandibular gland CBCT sialogram. (a–c) 3D surface rend...Figure 15.5 CBCT sialogram of submandibular gland with a clear ductal strict...Figure 15.6 Chronic sialadenitis of left parotid gland. (a) Lateral MIP and ...Figure 15.7 CBCT sialogram of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) of left submandibular...Figure 15.8 Cystography. (a) CBCT images showing a well‐defined cystic radio...Figure 15.9 Assessment of peripheral cystic lesion with CBCT and injection o...Figure 15.10 Gutta‐percha point tracing the sinus tract. (a) Sagittal CBCT i...Figure 15.11 Puffed or retracted cheek techniques as a useful new imaging pr...Figure 15.12 CBCT with puffed lips. Note separation of lip and gingiva with ...Figure 15.13 Assessment of gingival biotype and facial hard/soft tissue dime...Figure 15.14 Simultaneous non‐invasive soft tissue assessment using a retrac...Figure 15.15 Importance of maintaining distance between the posterior surfac...Figure 15.16 Establishment of accurate radiologic assessments of palatal les...Figure 15.17 Maintenance of proper separation between tongue and hard palate...Figure 15.18 Single‐contrast CBCT scan to better outline the surface of adja...Figure 15.19 Double‐contrast CBCT scan acquisition. The patient had gargled ...