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Bayard Taylor
An Illustrated Edition
THE WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY CLEVELAND, OHIO NEW YORK, N.Y.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS PREFACE
AN GOETHE DEDICATION
PRELUDE AT THE THEATRE PROLOGUE IN HEAVEN FAUST
SCENE I. NIGHT (Faust's Monologue) II. BEFORE THE CITY-GATE
III. THE STUDY (The Exorcism) IV. THE STUDY (The Compact) V. AUERBACH'S CELLAR
VI. WITCHES' KITCHEN VII. A STREET
VIII. EVENING IX. PROMENADE
X. THE NEIGHBOR'S HOUSE XI. STREET
XII. GARDEN
XIII. A GARDEN-ARBOR XIV. FOREST AND CAVERN XV. MARGARET'S ROOM XVI. MARTHA'S GARDEN XVII. AT THE FOUNTAIN
XVIII. DONJON (Margaret's Prayer) XIX. NIGHT (Valentine's Death)
XX. CATHEDRAL
XXI. WALPURGIS-NIGHT
XXII. OBERON AND TITANIA'S GOLDEN WEDDING XXIII. DREARY DAY
XXIV. NIGHT XXV. DUNGEON
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Preface
It is twenty years since I first determined to attempt the translation of Faust, in the original metres. At that time, although more than a score of English translations of the First Part, and three or four of the Second Part, were in existence, the experiment had not yet been made. The prose version of Hayward seemed to have been accepted as the standard, in default of anything more satisfactory: the English critics, generally sustaining the translator in his views concerning the secondary importance of form in Poetry, practically discouraged any further attempt; and no one, familiar with rhythmical expression through the needs of his own nature, had devoted the necessary love and patience to an adequate reproduction of the great work of Goethe's life.
Mr. Brooks was the first to undertake the task, and the publication of his translation of the First Part (in 1856) induced me, for a time, to give up my own design. No previous English version exhibited such abnegation of the translator's own tastes and habits of thought, such reverent desire to present the original in its purest form. The care and conscience with which the work had been performed were so apparent, that I now state with reluctance what then seemed to me to be its only deficiencies,--a lack of the lyrical fire and fluency of the original in some passages, and an occasional lowering of the tone through the use of words which are literal, but not equivalent. The plan of translation adopted by Mr. Brooks was so entirely my own, that when further residence in Germany and a more careful study of both parts of Faust had satisfied me that the field was still open,--that the means furnished by the poetical affinity of the two languages had not yet been exhausted,--nothing remained for me but to follow him in all essential particulars. His example confirmed me in the belief that there were few difficulties in the way of a nearly literal yet thoroughly rhythmical version of Faust, which might not be overcome by loving labor. A comparison of seventeen English translations, in the arbitrary metres adopted by the translators, sufficiently showed the danger of allowing license in this respect: the white light of Goethe's thought was thereby passed through the tinted glass of other minds, and assumed the coloring of each. Moreover, the plea of selecting different metres in the hope of producing a similar effect is unreasonable, where the identical metres are possible.
The value of form, in a poetical work, is the first question to be considered. No poet ever understood this question more thoroughly than Goethe himself, or expressed a more positive opinion in regard to it. The alternative modes of translation which he presents (reported by Riemer, quoted by Mrs. Austin, in her "Characteristics of Goethe," and accepted by Mr. Hayward),[A] are quite independent of his views concerning the value of form, which we find given elsewhere, in the clearest and most emphatic manner. [B] Poetry is not simply a fashion of expression: it is the form of expression absolutely required by a certain class of ideas. Poetry, indeed, may be distinguished from Prose by the single circumstance, that it is the utterance of whatever in man cannot be perfectly uttered in any other than a rhythmical form: it is useless to say that the naked meaning is independent of the form: on the contrary, the form contributes essentially to the fullness of the meaning. In Poetry which endures through its own inherent vitality, there is no forced union of these two elements. They are as intimately blended, and with the same mysterious beauty, as the sexes in the ancient Hermaphroditus. To attempt to represent Poetry in Prose, is very much like attempting to translate music into speech.[C]
[A] "'There are two maxims of translation,' says he: 'the one requires that the author, of a foreign nation, be brought to us in such a manner that we may regard him as our own; the other, on the contrary, demands of us that we transport ourselves over to him, and adopt his situation, his mode of speaking, and his peculiarities. The advantages of both are sufficiently known to all instructed persons, from masterly examples.'" Is it necessary, however, that there should always be this alternative? Where the languages are kindred, and equally capable of all varieties of metrical expression, may not both these "maxims" be observed in the same translation? Goethe, it is true, was of the opinion that Faust ought to be given, in French, in the manner of Clement Marot; but this was undoubtedly because he felt the inadequacy of modern French to express the naive, simple realism of many passages. The same
objection does not apply to English. There are a few archaic expressions in Faust, but no more than are still allowed--nay, frequently encouraged--in the English of our day.
[B] "You are right," said Goethe; "there are great and mysterious agencies included in the various forms of Poetry. If the substance of my 'Roman Elegies' were to be expressed in the tone and measure of Byron's 'Don Juan,' it would really have an atrocious ef-fect."--Eckermann.
"The rhythm," said Goethe, "is an unconscious result of the poetic mood. If one should stop to consider it mechanically, when
about to write a poem, one would become bewildered and accomplish nothing of real poetical value."--Ibid.
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"All that is poetic in character should be rythmically treated! Such is my conviction; and if even a sort of poetic prose should be gradually introduced, it would only show that the distinction between prose and poetry had been completely lost sight of."--Goethe to Schiller, 1797.
Tycho Mommsen, in his excellent essay, Die Kunst des Deutschen Uebersetzers aus neueren Sprachen, goes so far as to say: "The metrical or rhymed modelling of a poetical work is so essentially the germ of its being, that, rather than by giving it up, we might hope to construct a similar work of art before the eyes of our countrymen, by giving up or changing the substance. The immeasura-ble result which has followed works wherein the form has been retained--such as the Homer of Voss, and the Shakespeare of Tieck and Schlegel--is an incontrovertible evidence of the vitality of the endeavor."
[C] "Goethe's poems exercise a great sway over me, not only by their meaning, but also by their rhythm. It is a language which stimu-
lates me to composition."--Beethoven.
The various theories of translation from the Greek and Latin poets have been admirably stated by Dryden in his Preface to the "Translations from Ovid's Epistles," and I do not wish to continue the endless discussion,--especially as our literature needs examples, not opinions. A recent expression, however, carries with it so much authority, that I feel bound to present some considerations which the accomplished scholar seems to have overlooked. Mr. Lewes[D] justly says: "The effect of poetry is a compound of music and suggestion; this music and this suggestion are intermingled in words, which to alter is to alter the effect. For words in poetry are not, as in prose, simple representatives of objects and ideas: they are parts of an organic whole,--they are tones in the harmony."
He thereupon illustrates the effect of translation by changing certain well-known English stanzas into others, equivalent in meaning, but lacking their felicity of words, their grace and melody. I cannot accept this illustration as valid, because Mr. Lewes purposely omits the very quality which an honest translator should exhaust his skill in endeavoring to reproduce. He turns away from the one best word or phrase in the English lines he quotes, whereas the translator seeks precisely that one best word or phrase (having all
the resources of his language at command), to represent what is said in another language. More than this, his task is not simply mechanical: he must feel, and be guided by, a secondary inspiration. Surrendering himself to the full possession of the spirit which shall speak through him, he receives, also, a portion of the same creative power. Mr. Lewes reaches this conclusion: "If, therefore, we reflect what a poem Faust is, and that it contains almost every variety of style and metre, it will be tolerably evident that no one unacquainted with the original can form an adequate idea of it from translation,"[E] which is certainly correct of any translation wherein something of the rhythmical variety and beauty of the original is not retained. That very much of the rhythmical character may be retained in English, was long ago shown by Mr. Carlyle,[F] in the passages which he translated, both literally and rhythmically, from the Helena (Part Second). In fact, we have so many instances of the possibility of reciprocally transferring the finest qualities of English and German poetry, that there is no sufficient excuse for an unmetrical translation of Faust. I refer especially to such subtile and melodious lyrics as "The Castle by the Sea," of Uhland, and the "Silent Land" of Salis, translated by Mr. Longfellow; Goethe's "Minstrel" and "Coptic Song," by Dr. Hedge; Heine's "Two Grenadiers," by Dr. Furness and many of Heine's songs by Mr Leland; and also to the German translations of English lyrics, by Freiligrath and Strodtmann.[G]
[D] Life of Goethe (Book VI.).
[E] Mr. Lewes gives the following advice: "The English reader would perhaps best succeed who should first read Dr. Anster's brilliant paraphrase, and then carefully go through Hayward's prose translation." This is singularly at variance with the view he has just expressed. Dr. Anster's version is an almost incredible dilution of the original, written in other metres; while Hayward's entirely omits the element of poetry.
[F] Foreign Review, 1828.
[G] When Freiligrath can thus give us Walter Scott:--
"Kommt, wie der Wind kommt, Wenn Walder erzittern
Kommt, wie die Brandung Wenn Flotten zersplittern! Schnell heran, schnell herab, Schneller kommt Al'e!-- Hauptling und Bub' und Knapp, Herr und Vasalle!"
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or Strodtmann thus reproduce Tennyson:--
"Es fallt der Strahl auf Burg und Thal, Und schneeige Gipfel, reich an Sagen; Viel' Lichter wehn auf blauen Seen, Bergab die Wassersturze jagen!
Blas, Hufthorn, blas, in Wiederhall erschallend:
Blas, Horn--antwortet, Echos, hallend, hallend, hallend!"
--it must be a dull ear which would be satisfied with the omission of rhythm and rhyme.
I have a more serious objection, however, to urge against Mr. Hayward's prose translation. Where all the restraints of verse are flung aside, we should expect, at least, as accurate a reproduction of the sense, spirit, and tone of the original, as the genius of our language will permit. So far from having given us such a reproduction, Mr. Hayward not only occasionally mistakes the exact meaning of the German text,[H] but, wherever two phrases may be used to express the meaning with equal fidelity, he very frequently selects that which has the less grace, strength, or beauty.[I]
[H] On his second page, the line Mein Lied ertont der unbekannten Menge, "My song sounds to the unknown multitude," is translated: "My sorrow voices itself to the strange throng." Other English translators, I notice, have followed Mr. Hayward in mistaking Lied for Leid.
[I] I take but one out of numerous instances, for the sake of illustration. The close of the Soldier's Song (Part I. Scene II.) is:--
"Kuhn is das Muhen, Herrlich der Lohn! Und die Soldaten Ziehen davon."
Literally:
Bold is the endeavor, Splendid the pay! And the soldiers March away.
This Mr. Hayward translates:--
Bold the adventure, Noble the reward-- And the soldiers
Are off.
For there are few things which may not be said, in English, in a twofold manner,--one poetic, and the other prosaic. In German, equally, a word which in ordinary use has a bare prosaic character may receive a fairer and finer quality from its place in verse. The prose translator should certainly be able to feel the manifestation of this law in both languages, and should so choose his words as to meet their reciprocal requirements. A man, however, who is not keenly sensible to the power and beauty and value of rhythm, is likely to overlook these delicate yet most necessary distinctions. The author's thought is stripped of a last grace in passing through his mind, and frequently presents very much the same resemblance to the original as an unhewn shaft to the fluted column. Mr. Hayward unconsciously illustrates his lack of a refined appreciation of verse, "in giving," as he says, "a sort of rhythmical arrangement to the lyrical parts," his object being "to convey some notion of the variety of versification which forms one great charm of the poem." A literal translation is always possible in the unrhymed passages; but even here Mr. Hayward's ear did not dictate to him the necessity of preserving the original rhythm.
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While, therefore, I heartily recognize his lofty appreciation of Faust,--while I honor him for the patient and conscientious labor he has bestowed upon his translation,--I cannot but feel that he has himself illustrated the unsoundness of his argument. Nevertheless, the circumstance that his prose translation of Faust has received so much acceptance proves those qualities of the original work which cannot be destroyed by a test so violent. From the cold bare outline thus produced, the reader unacquainted with the German language would scarcely guess what glow of color, what richness of changeful life, what fluent grace and energy of movement have been lost in the process. We must, of course, gratefully receive such an outline, where a nearer approach to the form of the original
is impossible, but, until the latter has been demonstrated, we are wrong to remain content with the cheaper substitute.
It seems to me that in all discussions upon this subject the capacities of the English language have received but scanty justice. The intellectual tendencies of our race have always been somewhat conservative, and its standards of literary taste or belief, once set up, are not varied without a struggle. The English ear is suspicious of new metres and unaccustomed forms of expression: there are critical detectives on the track of every author, and a violation of the accepted canons is followed by a summons to judgment. Thus the tendency is to contract rather than to expand the acknowledged excellences of the language.[J]
[J] I cannot resist the temptation of quoting the following passage from Jacob Grimm: "No one of all the modern languages has acquired a greater force and strength than the English, through the derangement and relinquishment of its ancient laws of sound. The unteachable (nevertheless learnable) profusion of its middle-tones has conferred upon it an intrinsic power of expression, such as no other human tongue ever possessed. Its entire, thoroughly intellectual and wonderfully successful foundation and perfected development issued from a marvelous union of the two noblest tongues of Europe, the Germanic and the Romanic. Their mutual relation
in the English language is well known, since the former furnished chiefly the material basis, while the latter added the intellectual conceptions. The English language, by and through which the greatest and most eminent poet of modern times--as contrasted
with ancient classical poetry--(of course I can refer only to Shakespeare) was begotten and nourished, has a just claim to be called a language of the world; and it appears to be destined, like the English race, to a higher and broader sway in all quarters of the earth. For in richness, in compact adjustment of parts, and in pure intelligence, none of the living languages can be compared with it,--not even our German, which is divided even as we are divided, and which must cast off many imperfections before it can boldly enter on its career."--Ueber den Ursprung der Sprache.
The difficulties in the way of a nearly literal translation of Faust in the original metres have been exaggerated, because certain affinities between the two languages have not been properly considered. With all the splendor of versification in the work, it contains but few metres of which the English tongue is not equally capable. Hood has familiarized us with dactylic (triple) rhymes, and they are remarkably abundant and skillful in Mr. Lowell's "Fable for the Critics": even the unrhymed iambic hexameter of the Helena occurs now and then in Milton's Samson Agonistes. It is true that the metrical foot into which the German language most naturally falls is the trochaic, while in English it is the iambic: it is true that German is rich, involved, and tolerant of new combinations, while English is simple, direct, and rather shy of compounds; but precisely these differences are so modified in the German of Faust that there is a mutual approach of the two languages. In Faust, the iambic measure predominates; the style is compact; the many licenses which the author allows himself are all directed towards a shorter mode of construction. On the other hand, English metre compels the use of inversions, admits many verbal liberties prohibited to prose, and so inclines towards various flexible features of its sister-tongue that many lines of Faust may be repeated in English without the slightest change of meaning, measure, or rhyme. There are words, it is true, with so delicate a bloom upon them that it can in no wise be preserved; but even such words will always lose less when they carry with them their rhythmical atmosphere. The flow of Goethe's verse is sometimes so similar to that of the corresponding English metre, that not only its harmonies and caesural pauses, but even its punctuation, may be easily retained.
I am satisfied that the difference between a translation of Faust in prose or metre is chiefly one of labor,--and of that labor which is successful in proportion as it is joyously performed. My own task has been cheered by the discovery, that the more closely I reproduced the language of the original, the more of its rhythmical character was transferred at the same time. If, now and then, there was an inevitable alternative of meaning or music, I gave the preference to the former. By the term "original metres" I do not mean
a rigid, unyielding adherence to every foot, line, and rhyme of the German original, although this has very nearly been accomplished. Since the greater part of the work is written in an irregular measure, the lines varying from three to six feet, and the rhymes arranged according to the author's will, I do not consider that an occasional change in the number of feet, or order of rhyme, is any violation of the metrical plan. The single slight liberty I have taken with the lyrical passages is in Margaret's song,--"The King of Thule,"--
in which, by omitting the alternate feminine rhymes, yet retaining the metre, I was enabled to make the translation strictly literal.
If, in two or three instances, I have left a line unrhymed, I have balanced the omission by giving rhymes to other lines which stand unrhymed in the original text. For the same reason, I make no apology for the imperfect rhymes, which are frequently a translation as well as a necessity. With all its supreme qualities, Faust is far from being a technically perfect work.[K]
[K] "At present, everything runs in technical grooves, and the critical gentlemen begin to wrangle whether in a rhyme an s should correspond with an s and not with sz. If I were young and reckless enough, I would purposely offend all such technical caprices: I
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would use alliteration, assonance, false rhyme, just according to my own will or convenience--but, at the same time, I would attend to the main thing, and endeavor to say so many good things that every one would be attracted to read and remember them."--Goe-the, in 1831.
The feminine and dactylic rhymes, which have been for the most part omitted by all metrical translators except Mr. Brooks, are in-dispensable. The characteristic tone of many passages would be nearly lost, without them. They give spirit and grace to the dialogue, point to the aphoristic portions (especially in the Second Part), and an ever-changing music to the lyrical passages. The English language, though not so rich as the German in such rhymes, is less deficient than is generally supposed. The difficulty to be overcome
is one of construction rather than of the vocabulary. The present participle can only be used to a limited extent, on account of its weak termination, and the want of an accusative form to the noun also restricts the arrangement of words in English verse. I cannot hope to have been always successful; but I have at least labored long and patiently, bearing constantly in mind not only the meaning of the original and the mechanical structure of the lines, but also that subtile and haunting music which seems to govern rhythm instead of being governed by it.
B.T.
AN GOETHE
I
Erhabener Geist, im Geisterreich verloren! Wo immer Deine lichte Wohnung sey,
Zum hoh'ren Schaffen bist Du neugeboren, Und singest dort die voll're Litanei.
Von jenem Streben das Du auserkoren, Vom reinsten Aether, drin Du athmest frei, O neige Dich zu gnadigem Erwiedern
Des letzten Wiederhalls von Deinen Liedern!
II
Den alten Musen die bestaubten Kronen
Nahmst Du, zu neuem Glanz, mit kuhner Hand: Du lost die Rathsel altester Aeonen
Durch jungeren Glauben, helleren Verstand, Und machst, wo rege Menschengeister wohnen, Die ganze Erde Dir zum Vaterland;
Und Deine Junger sehn in Dir, verwundert, Verkorpert schon das werdende Jahrhundert.
III
Was Du gesungen, Aller Lust und Klagen, Des Lebens Wiederspruche, neu vermahlt,-- Die Harfe tausendstimmig frisch geschlagen,
Die Shakspeare einst, die einst Homer gewahlt,--
Darf ich in fremde Klange ubertragen
Das Alles, wo so Mancher schon gefehlt?
Lass Deinen Geist in meiner Stimme klingen, Und was Du sangst, lass mich es Dir nachsingen! B.T.
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DEDICATION
Again ye come, ye hovering Forms! I find ye,
As early to my clouded sight ye shone!
Shall I attempt, this once, to seize and bind ye? Still o'er my heart is that illusion thrown?
Ye crowd more near! Then, be the reign assigned ye, And sway me from your misty, shadowy zone!
My bosom thrills, with youthful passion shaken, From magic airs that round your march awaken.
Of joyous days ye bring the blissful vision; The dear, familiar phantoms rise again, And, like an old and half-extinct tradition,
First Love returns, with Friendship in his train. Renewed is Pain: with mournful repetition
Life tracks his devious, labyrinthine chain,
And names the Good, whose cheating fortune tore them
From happy hours, and left me to deplore them.
They hear no longer these succeeding measures, The souls, to whom my earliest songs I sang:
Dispersed the friendly troop, with all its pleasures,
And still, alas! the echoes first that rang!
I bring the unknown multitude my treasures; Their very plaudits give my heart a pang,
And those beside, whose joy my Song so flattered,
If still they live, wide through the world are scattered.
And grasps me now a long-unwonted yearning
For that serene and solemn Spirit-Land:
My song, to faint Aeolian murmurs turning, Sways like a harp-string by the breezes fanned. I thrill and tremble; tear on tear is burning, And the stern heart is tenderly unmanned. What I possess, I see far distant lying,
And what I lost, grows real and undying.
PRELUDE AT THE THEATRE
MANAGER ==== DRAMATIC POET ==== MERRY-ANDREW
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MANAGER
You two, who oft a helping hand Have lent, in need and tribulation. Come, let me know your expectation
Of this, our enterprise, in German land!
I wish the crowd to feel itself well treated, Especially since it lives and lets me live;
The posts are set, the booth of boards completed. And each awaits the banquet I shall give.
Already there, with curious eyebrows raised, They sit sedate, and hope to be amazed.
I know how one the People's taste may flatter,
Yet here a huge embarrassment I feel:
What they're accustomed to, is no great matter, But then, alas! they've read an awful deal.
How shall we plan, that all be fresh and new,--
Important matter, yet attractive too?
For 'tis my pleasure-to behold them surging, When to our booth the current sets apace, And with tremendous, oft-repeated urging,
Squeeze onward through the narrow gate of grace: By daylight even, they push and cram in
To reach the seller's box, a fighting host,
And as for bread, around a baker's door, in famine, To get a ticket break their necks almost.
This miracle alone can work the Poet
On men so various: now, my friend, pray show it. POET
Speak not to me of yonder motley masses,
Whom but to see, puts out the fire of Song!
Hide from my view the surging crowd that passes, And in its whirlpool forces us along!
No, lead me where some heavenly silence glasses The purer joys that round the Poet throng,-- Where Love and Friendship still divinely fashion
The bonds that bless, the wreaths that crown his passion! Ah, every utterance from the depths of feeling
The timid lips have stammeringly expressed,-- Now failing, now, perchance, success revealing,-- Gulps the wild Moment in its greedy breast;
Or oft, reluctant years its warrant sealing, Its perfect stature stands at last confessed!
What dazzles, for the Moment spends its spirit: What's genuine, shall Posterity inherit.
MERRY-ANDREW
Posterity! Don't name the word to me! If I should choose to preach Posterity, Where would you get contemporary fun?
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That men will have it, there's no blinking:
A fine young fellow's presence, to my thinking,
Is something worth, to every one. Who genially his nature can outpour,
Takes from the People's moods no irritation; The wider circle he acquires, the more Securely works his inspiration.
Then pluck up heart, and give us sterling coin! Let Fancy be with her attendants fitted,-- Sense, Reason, Sentiment, and Passion join,-- But have a care, lest Folly be omitted!
MANAGER
Chiefly, enough of incident prepare!
They come to look, and they prefer to stare. Reel off a host of threads before their faces, So that they gape in stupid wonder: then
By sheer diffuseness you have won their graces, And are, at once, most popular of men.
Only by mass you touch the mass; for any
Will finally, himself, his bit select:
Who offers much, brings something unto many, And each goes home content with the effect,
If you've a piece, why, just in pieces give it: A hash, a stew, will bring success, believe it!
'Tis easily displayed, and easy to invent. What use, a Whole compactly to present?
Your hearers pick and pluck, as soon as they receive it! POET
You do not feel, how such a trade debases; How ill it suits the Artist, proud and true!
The botching work each fine pretender traces
Is, I perceive, a principle with you.
MANAGER
Such a reproach not in the least offends; A man who some result intends
Must use the tools that best are fitting.
Reflect, soft wood is given to you for splitting,
And then, observe for whom you write! If one comes bored, exhausted quite, Another, satiate, leaves the banquet's tapers, And, worst of all, full many a wight
Is fresh from reading of the daily papers. Idly to us they come, as to a masquerade, Mere curiosity their spirits warming:
The ladies with themselves, and with their finery, aid,
Without a salary their parts performing.
What dreams are yours in high poetic places? You're pleased, forsooth, full houses to behold? Draw near, and view your patrons' faces!
The half are coarse, the half are cold.
One, when the play is out, goes home to cards;
A wild night on a wench's breast another chooses:
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Why should you rack, poor, foolish bards, For ends like these, the gracious Muses?
I tell you, give but more--more, ever more, they ask:
Thus shall you hit the mark of gain and glory. Seek to confound your auditory!
To satisfy them is a task.--
What ails you now? Is't suffering, or pleasure? POET
Go, find yourself a more obedient slave! What! shall the Poet that which Nature gave, The highest right, supreme Humanity,
Forfeit so wantonly, to swell your treasure? Whence o'er the heart his empire free?
The elements of Life how conquers he?
Is't not his heart's accord, urged outward far and dim, To wind the world in unison with him?
When on the spindle, spun to endless distance, By Nature's listless hand the thread is twirled, And the discordant tones of all existence
In sullen jangle are together hurled,
Who, then, the changeless orders of creation
Divides, and kindles into rhythmic dance?
Who brings the One to join the general ordination, Where it may throb in grandest consonance?
Who bids the storm to passion stir the bosom? In brooding souls the sunset burn above?
Who scatters every fairest April blossom
Along the shining path of Love?
Who braids the noteless leaves to crowns, requiting
Desert with fame, in Action's every field? Who makes Olympus sure, the Gods uniting? The might of Man, as in the Bard revealed.
MERRY-ANDREW
So, these fine forces, in conjunction,
Propel the high poetic function,
As in a love-adventure they might play! You meet by accident; you feel, you stay, And by degrees your heart is tangled;
Bliss grows apace, and then its course is jangled; You're ravished quite, then comes a touch of woe, And there's a neat romance, completed ere you know! Let us, then, such a drama give!
Grasp the exhaustless life that all men live!
Each shares therein, though few may comprehend: Where'er you touch, there's interest without end.
In motley pictures little light,
Much error, and of truth a glimmering mite, Thus the best beverage is supplied,
Whence all the world is cheered and edified. Then, at your play, behold the fairest flower Of youth collect, to hear the revelation! Each tender soul, with sentimental power, Sucks melancholy food from your creation;
And now in this, now that, the leaven works.
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For each beholds what in his bosom lurks.
They still are moved at once to weeping or to laughter,
Still wonder at your flights, enjoy the show they see:
A mind, once formed, is never suited after; One yet in growth will ever grateful be.
POET
Then give me back that time of pleasures, While yet in joyous growth I sang,-- When, like a fount, the crowding measures Uninterrupted gushed and sprang!
Then bright mist veiled the world before me, In opening buds a marvel woke,
As I the thousand blossoms broke, Which every valley richly bore me!
I nothing had, and yet enough for youth-- Joy in Illusion, ardent thirst for Truth. Give, unrestrained, the old emotion,
The bliss that touched the verge of pain,
The strength of Hate, Love's deep devotion,--
O, give me back my youth again! MERRY ANDREW
Youth, good my friend, you certainly require
When foes in combat sorely press you; When lovely maids, in fond desire, Hang on your bosom and caress you;
When from the hard-won goal the wreath
Beckons afar, the race awaiting; When, after dancing out your breath, You pass the night in dissipating:-- But that familiar harp with soul
To play,--with grace and bold expression,
And towards a self-erected goal
To walk with many a sweet digression,--
This, aged Sirs, belongs to you,
And we no less revere you for that reason: Age childish makes, they say, but 'tis not true; We're only genuine children still, in Age's season!
MANAGER
The words you've bandied are sufficient;
'Tis deeds that I prefer to see:
In compliments you're both proficient, But might, the while, more useful be. What need to talk of Inspiration?
'Tis no companion of Delay. If Poetry be your vocation, Let Poetry your will obey!
Full well you know what here is wanting; The crowd for strongest drink is panting, And such, forthwith, I'd have you brew.
What's left undone to-day, To-morrow will not do. Waste not a day in vain digression:
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With resolute, courageous trust
Seize every possible impression,
And make it firmly your possession; You'll then work on, because you must. Upon our German stage, you know it, Each tries his hand at what he will;
So, take of traps and scenes your fill, And all you find, be sure to show it!
Use both the great and lesser heavenly light,--
Squander the stars in any number,
Beasts, birds, trees, rocks, and all such lumber, Fire, water, darkness, Day and Night!
Thus, in our booth's contracted sphere, The circle of Creation will appear,
And move, as we deliberately impel, From Heaven, across the World, to Hell!
PROLOGUE IN HEAVEN
THE LORD === THE HEAVENLY HOST Afterwards
MEPHISTOPHELES
(The THREE ARCHANGELS come forward.)
RAPHAEL
The sun-orb sings, in emulation,
'Mid brother-spheres, his ancient round: His path predestined through Creation He ends with step of thunder-sound. The angels from his visage splendid
Draw power, whose measure none can say; The lofty works, uncomprehended,
Are bright as on the earliest day.
GABRIEL
And swift, and swift beyond conceiving, The splendor of the world goes round, Day's Eden-brightness still relieving
The awful Night's intense profound: The ocean-tides in foam are breaking, Against the rocks' deep bases hurled,
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And both, the spheric race partaking, Eternal, swift, are onward whirled!
MICHAEL
And rival storms abroad are surging From sea to land, from land to sea. A chain of deepest action forging Round all, in wrathful energy.
There flames a desolation, blazing
Before the Thunder's crashing way:
Yet, Lord, Thy messengers are praising
The gentle movement of Thy Day.
THE THREE
Though still by them uncomprehended, From these the angels draw their power, And all Thy works, sublime and splendid, Are bright as in Creation's hour.
MEPHISTOPHELES
Since Thou, O Lord, deign'st to approach again
And ask us how we do, in manner kindest, And heretofore to meet myself wert fain,
Among Thy menials, now, my face Thou findest.
Pardon, this troop I cannot follow after
With lofty speech, though by them scorned and spurned: My pathos certainly would move Thy laughter,
If Thou hadst not all merriment unlearned.
Of suns and worlds I've nothing to be quoted; How men torment themselves, is all I've noted.
The little god o' the world sticks to the same old way, And is as whimsical as on Creation's day.
Life somewhat better might content him,
But for the gleam of heavenly light which Thou hast lent him:
He calls it Reason--thence his power's increased,
To be far beastlier than any beast.
Saving Thy Gracious Presence, he to me A long-legged grasshopper appears to be, That springing flies, and flying springs, And in the grass the same old ditty sings.
Would he still lay among the grass he grows in! Each bit of dung he seeks, to stick his nose in.
THE LORD
Hast thou, then, nothing more to mention? Com'st ever, thus, with ill intention?
Find'st nothing right on earth, eternally?
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MEPHISTOPHELES
No, Lord! I find things, there, still bad as they can be.
Man's misery even to pity moves my nature;
I've scarce the heart to plague the wretched creature.
THE LORD Know'st Faust?
MEPHISTOPHELES The Doctor Faust?
THE LORD My servant, he!
MEPHISTOPHELES
Forsooth! He serves you after strange devices:
No earthly meat or drink the fool suffices:
His spirit's ferment far aspireth;
Half conscious of his frenzied, crazed unrest, The fairest stars from Heaven he requireth, From Earth the highest raptures and the best, And all the Near and Far that he desireth
Fails to subdue the tumult of his breast.
THE LORD
Though still confused his service unto Me, I soon shall lead him to a clearer morning.
Sees not the gardener, even while buds his tree,
Both flower and fruit the future years adorning?
MEPHISTOPHELES
What will you bet? There's still a chance to gain him, If unto me full leave you give,
Gently upon my road to train him!
THE LORD
As long as he on earth shall live, So long I make no prohibition.
While Man's desires and aspirations stir, He cannot choose but err.
MEPHISTOPHELES
15
My thanks! I find the dead no acquisition,
And never cared to have them in my keeping.
I much prefer the cheeks where ruddy blood is leaping, And when a corpse approaches, close my house:
It goes with me, as with the cat the mouse.
THE LORD
Enough! What thou hast asked is granted. Turn off this spirit from his fountain-head; To trap him, let thy snares be planted,
And him, with thee, be downward led;
Then stand abashed, when thou art forced to say: A good man, through obscurest aspiration,
Has still an instinct of the one true way.
MEPHISTOPHELES
Agreed! But 'tis a short probation. About my bet I feel no trepidation. If I fulfill my expectation,
You'll let me triumph with a swelling breast: Dust shall he eat, and with a zest,
As did a certain snake, my near relation.
THE LORD
Therein thou'rt free, according to thy merits; The like of thee have never moved My hate. Of all the bold, denying Spirits,
The waggish knave least trouble doth create.
Man's active nature, flagging, seeks too soon the level; Unqualified repose he learns to crave;
Whence, willingly, the comrade him I gave, Who works, excites, and must create, as Devil. But ye, God's sons in love and duty,
Enjoy the rich, the ever-living Beauty! Creative Power, that works eternal schemes, Clasp you in bonds of love, relaxing never, And what in wavering apparition gleams
Fix in its place with thoughts that stand forever! (Heaven closes: the ARCHANGELS separate.)
MEPHISTOPHELES (solus)
I like, at times, to hear The Ancient's word, And have a care to be most civil:
It's really kind of such a noble Lord
So humanly to gossip with the Devil!
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FIRST PART OF THE TRAGEDY
I
NIGHT
(A lofty-arched, narrow, Gothic chamber. FAUST, in a chair at his desk, restless.)
FAUST
I've studied now Philosophy And Jurisprudence, Medicine,-- And even, alas! Theology,--
From end to end, with labor keen; And here, poor fool! with all my lore I stand, no wiser than before:
I'm Magister--yea, Doctor--hight,
And straight or cross-wise, wrong or right, These ten years long, with many woes,
I've led my scholars by the nose,-- And see, that nothing can be known! That knowledge cuts me to the bone.
I'm cleverer, true, than those fops of teachers, Doctors and Magisters, Scribes and Preachers; Neither scruples nor doubts come now to smite me, Nor Hell nor Devil can longer affright me.
For this, all pleasure am I foregoing;
I do not pretend to aught worth knowing, I do not pretend I could be a teacher
To help or convert a fellow-creature. Then, too, I've neither lands nor gold,
Nor the world's least pomp or honor hold--
No dog would endure such a curst existence!
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Wherefore, from Magic I seek assistance, That many a secret perchance I reach Through spirit-power and spirit-speech, And thus the bitter task forego
Of saying the things I do not know,--
That I may detect the inmost force
Which binds the world, and guides its course; Its germs, productive powers explore,
And rummage in empty words no more!
O full and splendid Moon, whom I Have, from this desk, seen climb the sky So many a midnight,--would thy glow For the last time beheld my woe!
Ever thine eye, most mournful friend, O'er books and papers saw me bend; But would that I, on mountains grand, Amid thy blessed light could stand,
With spirits through mountain-caverns hover, Float in thy twilight the meadows over,
And, freed from the fumes of lore that swathe me, To health in thy dewy fountains bathe me!
Ah, me! this dungeon still I see. This drear, accursed masonry,
Where even the welcome daylight strains But duskly through the painted panes. Hemmed in by many a toppling heap
Of books worm-eaten, gray with dust, Which to the vaulted ceiling creep, Against the smoky paper thrust,-- With glasses, boxes, round me stacked, And instruments together hurled,
Ancestral lumber, stuffed and packed--
Such is my world: and what a world!
And do I ask, wherefore my heart Falters, oppressed with unknown needs? Why some inexplicable smart
All movement of my life impedes? Alas! in living Nature's stead,
Where God His human creature set,
In smoke and mould the fleshless dead
And bones of beasts surround me yet!
Fly! Up, and seek the broad, free land! And this one Book of Mystery
From Nostradamus' very hand, Is't not sufficient company? When I the starry courses know,
And Nature's wise instruction seek, With light of power my soul shall glow, As when to spirits spirits speak.
Tis vain, this empty brooding here, Though guessed the holy symbols be: Ye, Spirits, come--ye hover near-- Oh, if you hear me, answer me!
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(He opens the Book, and perceives the sign of the Macrocosm.)
Ha! what a sudden rapture leaps from this
I view, through all my senses swiftly flowing!
I feel a youthful, holy, vital bliss
In every vein and fibre newly glowing. Was it a God, who traced this sign, With calm across my tumult stealing, My troubled heart to joy unsealing, With impulse, mystic and divine,
The powers of Nature here, around my path, revealing?
Am I a God?--so clear mine eyes! In these pure features I behold Creative Nature to my soul unfold.
What says the sage, now first I recognize:
"The spirit-world no closures fasten; Thy sense is shut, thy heart is dead: Disciple, up! untiring, hasten
To bathe thy breast in morning-red!" (He contemplates the sign.)
How each the Whole its substance gives, Each in the other works and lives!
Like heavenly forces rising and descending, Their golden urns reciprocally lending, With wings that winnow blessing
From Heaven through Earth I see them pressing, Filling the All with harmony unceasing!
How grand a show! but, ah! a show alone.
Thee, boundless Nature, how make thee my own? Where you, ye beasts? Founts of all Being, shining, Whereon hang Heaven's and Earth's desire, Whereto our withered hearts aspire,--
Ye flow, ye feed: and am I vainly pining?
(He turns the leaves impatiently, and perceives the sign of the
Earth-Spirit.)
How otherwise upon me works this sign! Thou, Spirit of the Earth, art nearer: Even now my powers are loftier, clearer;
I glow, as drunk with new-made wine:
New strength and heart to meet the world incite me, The woe of earth, the bliss of earth, invite me,
And though the shock of storms may smite me,
No crash of shipwreck shall have power to fright me!
Clouds gather over me--
The moon conceals her light-- The lamp's extinguished!--
Mists rise,--red, angry rays are darting
Around my head!--There falls A horror from the vaulted roof, And seizes me!
I feel thy presence, Spirit I invoke! Reveal thyself !
Ha! in my heart what rending stroke! With new impulsion
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My senses heave in this convulsion!
I feel thee draw my heart, absorb, exhaust me:
Thou must! thou must! and though my life it cost me!
(He seizes the book, and mysteriously pronounces the sign of
the Spirit. A ruddy flame flashes: the Spirit appears in the flame.)
SPIRIT
Who calls me?
FAUST (with averted head) Terrible to see!
SPIRIT
Me hast thou long with might attracted, Long from my sphere thy food exacted, And now--
FAUST
Woe! I endure not thee!
SPIRIT
To view me is thine aspiration,
My voice to hear, my countenance to see; Thy powerful yearning moveth me,
Here am I!--what mean perturbation
Thee, superhuman, shakes? Thy soul's high calling, where? Where is the breast, which from itself a world did bear, And shaped and cherished--which with joy expanded,
To be our peer, with us, the Spirits, banded?
Where art thou, Faust, whose voice has pierced to me, Who towards me pressed with all thine energy?
He art thou, who, my presence breathing, seeing, Trembles through all the depths of being,
A writhing worm, a terror-stricken form?
FAUST
Thee, form of flame, shall I then fear?
Yes, I am Faust: I am thy peer!
SPIRIT
In the tides of Life, in Action's storm,
A fluctuant wave,
A shuttle free,
Birth and the Grave,
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An eternal sea,
A weaving, flowing
Life, all-glowing,
Thus at Time's humming loom 'tis my hand prepares
The garment of Life which the Deity wears!
FAUST
Thou, who around the wide world wendest, Thou busy Spirit, how near I feel to thee!
SPIRIT
Thou'rt like the Spirit which thou comprehendest, Not me!
(Disappears.)
FAUST (overwhelmed) Not thee!
Whom then?
I, image of the Godhead! Not even like thee!
(A knock).
O Death!--I know it--'tis my Famulus! My fairest luck finds no fruition:
In all the fullness of my vision
The soulless sneak disturbs me thus!
(Enter WAGNER, in dressing-gown and night-cap, a lamp in his hand. FAUST turns impatiently.)
WAGNER
Pardon, I heard your declamation;
'Twas sure an old Greek tragedy you read? In such an art I crave some preparation, Since now it stands one in good stead.
I've often heard it said, a preacher
Might learn, with a comedian for a teacher.
FAUST
Yes, when the priest comedian is by nature, As haply now and then the case may be.
WAGNER
Ah, when one studies thus, a prisoned creature,
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That scarce the world on holidays can see,--
Scarce through a glass, by rare occasion, How shall one lead it by persuasion?
FAUST
You'll ne'er attain it, save you know the feeling, Save from the soul it rises clear,
Serene in primal strength, compelling The hearts and minds of all who hear. You sit forever gluing, patching;
You cook the scraps from others' fare; And from your heap of ashes hatching A starveling flame, ye blow it bare!
Take children's, monkeys' gaze admiring, If such your taste, and be content;
But ne'er from heart to heart you'll speak inspiring, Save your own heart is eloquent!
WAGNER
Yet through delivery orators succeed; I feel that I am far behind, indeed.
FAUST
Seek thou the honest recompense! Beware, a tinkling fool to be!
With little art, clear wit and sense
Suggest their own delivery;
And if thou'rt moved to speak in earnest, What need, that after words thou yearnest?
Yes, your discourses, with their glittering show, Where ye for men twist shredded thought like paper, Are unrefreshing as the winds that blow
The rustling leaves through chill autumnal vapor!
WAGNER
Ah, God! but Art is long,
And Life, alas! is fleeting.
And oft, with zeal my critic-duties meeting, In head and breast there's something wrong.
How hard it is to compass the assistance
Whereby one rises to the source!
And, haply, ere one travels half the course
Must the poor devil quit existence.
FAUST
Is parchment, then, the holy fount before thee, A draught wherefrom thy thirst forever slakes?
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No true refreshment can restore thee,
Save what from thine own soul spontaneous breaks.
WAGNER
Pardon! a great delight is granted
When, in the spirit of the ages planted,
We mark how, ere our times, a sage has thought,
And then, how far his work, and grandly, we have brought.
FAUST
O yes, up to the stars at last!
Listen, my friend: the ages that are past
Are now a book with seven seals protected: What you the Spirit of the Ages call
Is nothing but the spirit of you all,
Wherein the Ages are reflected.
So, oftentimes, you miserably mar it!
At the first glance who sees it runs away.
An offal-barrel and a lumber-garret, Or, at the best, a Punch-and-Judy play,
With maxims most pragmatical and hitting,
As in the mouths of puppets are befitting!
WAGNER
But then, the world--the human heart and brain!
Of these one covets some slight apprehension.
FAUST
Yes, of the kind which men attain!
Who dares the child's true name in public mention? The few, who thereof something really learned, Unwisely frank, with hearts that spurned concealing, And to the mob laid bare each thought and feeling, Have evermore been crucified and burned.
I pray you, Friend, 'tis now the dead of night; Our converse here must be suspended.
WAGNER
I would have shared your watches with delight, That so our learned talk might be extended.
To-morrow, though, I'll ask, in Easter leisure, This and the other question, at your pleasure. Most zealously I seek for erudition:
Much do I know--but to know all is my ambition.
[Exit.
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FAUST (solus)
That brain, alone, not loses hope, whose choice is
To stick in shallow trash forevermore,-- Which digs with eager hand for buried ore, And, when it finds an angle-worm, rejoices!
Dare such a human voice disturb the flow, Around me here, of spirit-presence fullest? And yet, this once my thanks I owe
To thee, of all earth's sons the poorest, dullest! For thou hast torn me from that desperate state Which threatened soon to overwhelm my senses: The apparition was so giant-great,
It dwarfed and withered all my soul's pretences!
I, image of the Godhead, who began-- Deeming Eternal Truth secure in nearness--
Ye choirs, have ye begun the sweet, consoling chant, Which, through the night of Death, the angels ministrant Sang, God's new Covenant repeating?
CHORUS OF WOMEN With spices and precious
Balm, we arrayed him; Faithful and gracious, We tenderly laid him: Linen to bind him Cleanlily wound we:
Ah! when we would find him,
Christ no more found we!
CHORUS OF ANGELS Christ is ascended!
Bliss hath invested him,-- Woes that molested him, Trials that tested him, Gloriously ended!
FAUST
Why, here in dust, entice me with your spell, Ye gentle, powerful sounds of Heaven?
Peal rather there, where tender natures dwell.
Your messages I hear, but faith has not been given; The dearest child of Faith is Miracle.
I venture not to soar to yonder regions
Whence the glad tidings hither float;
And yet, from childhood up familiar with the note, To Life it now renews the old allegiance.
Once Heavenly Love sent down a burning kiss
Upon my brow, in Sabbath silence holy;
And, filled with mystic presage, chimed the church-bell slowly,
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And prayer dissolved me in a fervent bliss. A sweet, uncomprehended yearning
Drove forth my feet through woods and meadows free, And while a thousand tears were burning,
I felt a world arise for me.
These chants, to youth and all its sports appealing, Proclaimed the Spring's rejoicing holiday;
And Memory holds me now, with childish feeling, Back from the last, the solemn way.
