Читать книгу Russians Among Us - Gordon Corera - Страница 23

IT WAS THE middle of the night and the apartment in Hoboken, New Jersey, was dark. Derek Pieper was waiting nervously outside. His job was to be the lookout. The family who lived there in 2005 was on vacation but he had to make sure no nosy neighbors turned up unexpectedly while his colleagues turned over the place. Inside, Maria Ricci and her small team, dressed in black, were hard at work. The team was small because the two-bedroom apartment was. They did not want to literally fall over each other and knock something over. The atmosphere was tense, as it always was. They had to work fast but carefully. Everything would have to be put back exactly where it was. An FBI covert search looks an awful lot like a high-end burglary. But, apart from being legally authorized, the difference was that the aim was not to take anything away that might be missed. The team inside worked their way through the apartment methodically—the couple’s clothing, the toys that belonged to the two girls who shared a room. Then they made their way to the TV in the family room. It sat on a large cabinet. In the cabinet were lots of shoe boxes. Inside one were pictures of family trips. The father of the family liked to take photos and there were plenty more like that. Another box had the school report cards for the two girls who lived in the apartment. The reports were glowing. But one box was different. Inside was a phone, notebooks, and floppy disks. It looked interesting but at the time no one on the team could have known that the contents of that box would transform the investigation into the illegals.

The apartment belonged to the Murphy family. Richard Murphy was supposedly born in Philadelphia. His wife, Cynthia Hopkins, known as Cindy, was from New York. Richard had a round face and was slightly pudgy. He could get grumpy. Cindy was thinner, stylish, with short dark hair. She could appear dour but could turn on a smile when she needed to. They were another pair of illegals, but with different cover than Heathfield and Foley. They arrived in the second half of the 1990s posing as citizens born in America. Doing this had required using fake birth certificates to back up their story. The quality of these certificates, the FBI would later note half-admiringly, was high-class. “They were incredible,” says one agent. Using a fake certificate in America relied on the fact that birth certificates were different in each state and varied from year to year, so an official would almost never spot anything amiss unless they were already suspicious. Additionally, there was no central database to check. But even if they were brilliant fakes, they were still fakes, which meant this couple’s backstory was weaker than Heathfield and Foley’s. When the FBI searched a Manhattan safety deposit box belonging to Richard Murphy, they photographed his birth certificate. They contacted the Philadelphia Bureau of Vital Statistics, who said no record could be found for either Murphy or his supposed father.

Richard Murphy studied international affairs part-time at the New School in New York from 2002 to 2005, a chance to build cover and contacts. In a strange coincidence, his adviser on the faculty was the great-granddaughter of former Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. She was puzzled by the young man with an Irish name but a Russian accent. “You know when you meet your countryman even if this countryman speaks a different language and pretends not to be your countryman,” she later said. She found it odd that he never tried to speak Russian to her or ask about her family. As a result, she decided she would not ask about his. Perhaps he was someone who wanted to put his Russian past behind him, she thought. “He was a little dour I must say. He was not always happy, which is a bit Russian because, you know, misery is what we do best.”

The couple moved into the small Hoboken apartment in 2003 with their two daughters, Katie and Lisa. Neighbors suspected nothing. One family, who also had two young kids, got to know them well. Cindy would cook up a lasagna and cakes—once making cookies shaped like the Statue of Liberty. The two families would barbecue together out on the back patio and go ice-skating and hiking together. Richard and Cindy seemed to enjoy each other’s company but were not very “touch-feely,” the other couple thought. An FBI team watching their every move would get to know the couple and the state of their marriage much better than the neighbors, though.

The illegals investigation was tightly held within the FBI. It began with the New York field office because that was where Poteyev had been recruited. But once it became clear it was going to offer insights into illegals operating across the country, headquarters in Washington, DC, took on a coordinating function. Initially it was known as “the backroom cases” to the small group read into the investigation in headquarters. It sat with the FBI’s SVR unit, whose job was to track SVR activities in the United States. Their main office normally had around six to eight people working together. But there was a small back room that had four more pods that people could work out of. This “back room” was where the illegals cases were coordinated from and where all the highly classified materials were kept. This was a counterintelligence case rather than a counterespionage case. The latter were focused on arresting those, normally Americans, who were passing on secrets to foreign powers; the former were more about understanding the activities of a foreign intelligence service operating inside the United States and more rarely led to arrests.

Alan Kohler, a New Jersey native, joined the SVR unit in 2003, having previously served as a spy-catcher in the Washington field office. A year and a half later he was promoted to chief of the SVR unit and decided it was time to give the whole investigation a formal code name (there were separate code names within each field office and for each target). A computer spits out a list of five options a day for the bureau. If you do not like any, then you can log in the next day and get another five and keep waiting it out until you get one you like. Or you can come up with your own and take it to the team for them to approve. An analyst in the SVR unit came up with a list of names and brought it to Kohler. The others are lost to history, but one stood out as her favorite—Ghost Stories. The FBI tries to shy away from a code name that tells you too much about the case it refers to—after all, the whole point of a code name is that it hides the truth. But agents do sometimes like to come up with something a bit clever or that has an inside joke or reference. In this case everyone agreed that Ghost Stories fit perfectly with the world of dead doubles. And so it was settled.

Ghost Stories would be at once one of the largest but also one of the most sensitive counterintelligence investigations in the bureau’s history, revealed in detail here for the first time. The investigation would eventually sprawl across the country, with field offices in Washington, Chicago, Seattle, Boston, as well as New York involved, each passing on news of significant developments through headquarters. The New York field office was the hub for much of the investigative work over the decade. It was where the case had started and many of the illegals would live around the New York region. In 2006, Kohler was promoted to the New York field office to supervise the counterespionage team and became the supervising agent for the illegals cases there, through to the end.

In New York, he would work with two younger officers who would play a key role in the investigation into the Murphys and the wider illegals. Maria Ricci, an Italian-American with an infectious laugh, had grown up in New Jersey. She was not one of those people who had dreamed of being an FBI agent as a child. “If someone said you were going to be an FBI agent, I would have thought it was the most ridiculous thing I’d ever heard in my life,” she says. She had been an English major and then trained as a lawyer, but after five years practicing decided she wanted to work in public service. She applied to join the FBI as a lawyer. She was told there were no openings for lawyers but was asked if she would be interested in being an FBI agent. In 2002, to her surprise, she found herself as an agent with her first case, investigating Russian illegals. She would see it through to the end and spend more time on it than any other agent in New York. As a result, colleagues like to joke she was the OG—the “original gangster”—of the team.

Derek Pieper, originally from Boston, was another long-standing member of the team. Quieter, with a dry sense of humor, he had also been to law school after Harvard but decided he did not want to be a lawyer. He had worked as an investigator on public corruption in New York and then joined the bureau’s New York field office in 2004. Investigating organized crime seemed the most interesting possibility at the time but instead he found his first assignment was to the counterintelligence squad investigating illegals. He too would see the case through to the end. The squad had to keep things tight even from neighboring counterintelligence teams. “The next squad over had no idea what we were doing,” says Pieper. Because the team also hunted for treacherous Americans, it was sometimes assumed by colleagues that their secretiveness might be because they were investigating someone within the building. Working counterintelligence was not the way to make yourself popular.

The FBI agents found themselves plunged into a strange world. Ricci would talk to some of her Boston colleagues who were following Heathfield and Foley about what it took to be an illegal. “This is crazy. I can’t imagine going to Quantico and being told: you know what, Maria, you’re really good at languages, we think you have an ability to be an illegal—I want you to give up your life, your family, your friends, everything, go to Moscow, live a completely different life. You can’t call home anymore. You can’t say ‘Happy birthday, Mom.’ By the way, here’s your new husband.” They had a front-row seat into the SVR’s most secret program and yet the reality was they were watching a family like the Murphys in suburbia. “When you think of a Russian spy you are thinking of someone rappelling off a rooftop or jumping out of a plane,” Maria Ricci said years later. “What I think of is these two eating a hamburger at the family picnic and drinking really bad beer.”

The FBI’s armory of techniques includes monitoring and recording phone calls and emails, searching bank records, placing covert video cameras in public places and hotel rooms, and physical surveillance of suspects. But one of the most important would be the covert searches of their homes. The FBI’s job may include combating crime, but one of its core investigative techniques is to do something that, if a passerby happened to spot it, would look a lot like breaking and entering. A covert search is legally authorized to support the FBI’s mission. But it still involves people in the middle of the night getting into someone else’s property and having a root around. In the case of the illegals this would have seemed even stranger to a passerby. It was not as if these were offices belonging to a company or someone thought to have mob links. These were ordinary suburban houses and apartments belonging to people with families.

Covert searches are risky. If one of the illegals realizes there has been a break-in, either because they notice something in the wrong place or a neighbor tells them there were some strange goings-on when they were out, then they might well suspect the FBI was on to them. In that case, the whole investigation could be over. This meant the searches were carried out only rarely. Typically, they would be done when you knew for sure the inhabitants of a property were out and there was no chance of them coming back. Out for dinner was not good enough—an argument or a bad meal and they could be back early. Out of town for a vacation when you knew the day of their return was better. But even then you still had to worry about neighbors. You do not want them seeing something strange and telling the owners or a police car waking the street with sirens. A property like that of the Murphys would maybe be searched twice a year. No more. “We didn’t go in just to have a look around,” explains Kohler.

An FBI team wants to know as much as possible about the lifestyle and the property before they go in. The FBI used experts who are “pattern of life analysts,” whose job is to learn every detail of people’s lives—when do they normally go to sleep and get up? Do they wake in the middle of the night much? When are the neighbors awake? Are there any dogs? What time does the garbage truck come? The last question is important because the FBI carried out what is called “Trash Cover,” which means switching trash cans before they are picked up. One source says that for a full decade, the FBI collected all the trash from the illegals’ houses to search it for any possible clues. “We owned almost every facet of their life. We knew what they were doing on a daily basis. When they came. When they went,” one FBI agent would later say.

A covert entry like that in Hoboken in 2005, which led to the key breakthrough, would usually take place in the middle of the night. A skeleton key or lock pick got you in. Then windows are carefully blocked out so that the team can use their own light inside without anyone outside becoming suspicious. It would include one or two case officers working directly on the investigation—like Maria Ricci or Derek Pieper—who might be able to spot the significant items. Others would be technical specialists. “You are literally sneaking around somebody’s house … there’s always pressure,” says Ricci; “they lived in an apartment building, so walls are thin. So you would hear the guy next door cough and you realize you really needed to be quiet … We went in when we had a reason to go in.” Every time you went in, you rolled the dice. Too many times and chances are you would eventually make a mistake. The team searching in Hoboken realized that their targets were using small tricks to detect whether anyone had been inside their apartment while they were away. When the Murphys’ closets were opened, they were packed with items. In some cases, strings were weaved around things in a particular pattern. In another there were coins in pockets of certain clothes. Disturbing the string or coins would make it hard to put them back in exactly the same way. They were simple but effective tricks using everyday items. It meant the FBI team decided not to touch certain things, as they could not take the risk.

One role for covert entry teams was the placement of tiny listening devices—microphones or bugs that were able to pick up conversations in the room. This is something the FBI has long experience in developing, so they can be hidden in everyday items. The bureau will not comment on what these might be, where they can be placed, or how they work, for fear of tipping off subjects of investigation. But they gave a deep insight into what targets talked about and how they lived their lives—right down to how they talk to their children and to each other. “I practically lived with the Murphys for so long,” says Ricci. “I feel I know Richard Murphy better than some of my relatives, which may say something quite bad about me.”

The hours were long for the FBI team, just as they were for the illegals. The amount of material produced by the bugs was enormous. Every time a floorboard squeaked, the recording device would be tripped and the recording would need to be reviewed. The squad of agents had to sit listening to the endless chatter of daily life, hoping somewhere in there was a nugget that might be a clue to some spy activity. The FBI team never heard the Murphys talk to each other about the challenges of living as an illegal. Even when they were alone in the house together, they never broke cover and talked to each other either in Russian or in English about their real work. They certainly seemed aware of the possibility of some kind of surveillance. Occasionally there might be a hushed conversation somewhere in the house that was hard to pick up on the listening devices but seemed to correlate with when there was an operational meeting coming up, but it was hard to be sure.

One of the curious, almost uncomfortable, aspects of the FBI’s work was the voyeuristic insight it gave into a couple’s marriage and their family life. Living such a strange double life could strengthen the bonds of marriage—providing the sense of a shared mission and the chance to support each other. But it could also introduce strains. The fact the Murphys did not turn to each other to share the burden—even in pillow talk—surprised the FBI team. “It’s a little strange that Richard would never turn to Cynthia, but I think there was a competition between them,” explains Pieper. The FBI team came to believe that Cynthia felt her husband was not performing as well as he should as a spy and there was tension in the household. Recordings would even have captured the couple’s most intimate moments. How do agents deal with that? “Throughout all monitoring, the FBI is diligent in managing what is not relevant,” one agent involved in the case explains. “So with regards to intimate moments, professionally you skip ahead.”

An important goal in covert searches was to find any evidence of “tradecraft”—the kind of gadgets or paraphernalia that are used by spies and which would provide hard evidence to prove these individuals were Russians. The team would photograph anything that looked even the slightest bit interesting while tech experts would copy any electronic media like CDs or memory sticks and leave them in place. A key question was how the group was communicating back to Moscow Center.

IT WAS DURING the 2005 Hoboken search that the FBI team hit pay dirt thanks to the boxes of photos in the TV cabinet. When the FBI first got onto the trail of the illegals, they could not see inside their covert communications. All they could see was that they were using code pads and encryption techniques that made messages unbreakable. Unlike Lazaro, the Murphys had been in the United States since the 1990s and so were able to update their covert communications to take into account new technology and particularly the emergence of the World Wide Web. From 2000, they started using a new technique, one that it would take the FBI five years to understand. When they did, it would prove to be one of the great breakthroughs in the entire case.

Inside the shoe box were floppy disks and notebooks. This looked interesting, but when you were searching a suspected spy’s house, everything looked potentially interesting and you never knew what would turn out to be some kind of hidden piece of spy equipment. But the instincts in this case were right. The box would be pivotal to the investigation. But it would not yield its secrets easily or quickly.

The contents of the box were taken away to be analyzed. An initial forensic computer analysis of the floppy disks found them to be blank. But that did not seem right. So they carried out another check. Again they came up blank. Next the team asked the FBI’s computer experts to copy the disks onto other disks—to re-create them so they could play around with them a bit more. Among the papers in the shoe box was one page that had “alt-control-e” written on it along with twenty-seven seemingly random characters. Was it a password? It was time to experiment a little. They put in one of the floppy disks and pressed alt-control-e. Nothing. They tried a different disk. Same process. Nothing. But just when it looked like a dead end, they tried another disk. This time the seemingly empty disk sprang to life. There was a prompt for a password. There was elation for the team. But it was short-lived. They put in the twenty-seven characters from the piece of paper. Nothing. They tried again. Same response. Maybe it had been written down backward? They tried the combination every which way. Nothing. But then another member of the team walked by the agents sitting huddled over the computer. He looked over their shoulder at what they were doing and then at a digit on the piece of paper and said, “You know that’s a one, right?” It had looked like a seven because of the way the Murphys had written it, but in Russian it was the way they wrote the number one. “No—we did not know that was a one,” they replied sheepishly and quickly went back to the screen. This time as the last character went in, the screen suddenly changed. A prompt appeared. “Please insert picture disc.” They were inside the illegals’ covert communications system.

Imagine a picture on any normal website. It is made up of data—ones and zeroes—that when downloaded tell a computer how to reconstitute the image on-screen. What if hidden among that data are ones and zeroes that have nothing to do with the image but actually make up a secret message? Thousands of people could visit that website. But only if they had the right software would the message be downloaded. And even if it were spotted by an unintended recipient, it is encrypted, so it cannot be read. This is steganography—the trick of hiding a message inside an image.

Hiding messages has been around for some time. One story from a couple of thousand years ago involves a courier’s head being shaved and a message being tattooed on his scalp. The hair is allowed to grow back and anyone intercepting the courier on route will not see anything. But the person whom the courier arrives to see knows that all they have to do is shave his head again to reveal the message. Another example from the twentieth century was the microdot. This was so small as to be invisible and could be put on a stamp or postcard but contained a message that could be read if you knew it was there. By the twenty-first century and the illegals, a new world of digital steganography had arrived.

The FBI team realized you had to insert a disk that had six pictures on it and then another disk with the message you wanted to send. The computer would analyze the pictures to work out which picture was best suited to hiding the message. Once it had done so, it would say something like “number six” to indicate the best one and then encrypt—or scramble—the message. Each time it would be encrypted differently, so you needed a program to be able to decrypt it each time. Moscow Center had created its own bespoke software. In order to extract and then decrypt and read the data, you needed the same SVR-supplied software. Without it the message was unbreakable.

There was also a list of public blog sites on the Web where people could upload their pictures. Richard Murphy loved taking pictures of flowers, and often these pictures would have the message hidden inside them. They would be uploaded to the Web and then at the other end Moscow Center could download and decrypt them. The FBI also copied the hard drive of a computer. On it they found an electronic address book with links to website addresses along with a history of which sites the computer had accessed. They downloaded images from the site that looked entirely innocent—including some of colorful flowers. But when the steganography program was applied, readable text files magically appeared. The FBI team asked their tech expert to create their own version of the encryption program that had every different encryption key on it. They were able to go back and decrypt some earlier messages, as well as new ones that arrived.

The shoe box had been the key to understanding the illegals’ communications and would transform the investigation. This item would become known to grateful FBI officers as the “tradecraft box.” There was one moment, though, when they feared they might lose their access. One winter Maria Ricci was going back into the Murphys’ house just before New Year’s Eve. You always did a search for a reason and this time it was because there were indications that there was a change in the communications system—most likely new disks. This was a night search. These are more stressful. Neighbors are likely to be sleeping but if you are discovered there are fewer ways to explain why you are in someone else’s house. Ricci was being as quiet as she could with her small team as they hunted for new disks. They found them quickly. But what about the new password to go with them? They were not in the shoe box. Nor any other obvious place. So they started looking anywhere and everywhere else. Still nothing. Minutes turned into hours and the tension was rising. In the end they had to give up. The team made their way back deeply discouraged, assuming they had blown it—without the password they could no longer be able to read the messages. After all that worry when they returned to base and inserted the new disks, it turned out the password had not been changed.

Because of his computer skills, Murphy would later lecture Moscow Center on the technical limitations of the communication system and how hard it was to encode a message. This was gold dust for the FBI, since it helped them further understand the workings of the SVR’s top secret system. At one point he explained to Moscow that if the FBI were ever to get hold of the material the illegals had been given, they would have both the instructions and the passwords in one fell swoop. Which of course they had already done. His complaint was absolutely correct, and it was fortunate for the FBI that the SVR did not listen.

When the FBI’s Boston team went into the Heathfield and Foley house in 2006, they now knew what to look for. One of the computer disks looked similar to the New Jersey find and it too required a twenty-seven-character password. Traces of deleted electronic messages were found that FBI technicians were able to recover. These were drafts of messages sent to Moscow using steganography. Other illegals would also use the technique. The break into the communications was critical for the case. “For us, that was a gamechanger,” Tony Rogers of the Boston FBI field office later said.

The FBI could not only read the messages going back and forth between the illegals and Moscow Center but—thanks to the bugs in the house—they could even hear the illegals sometimes discussing what they thought of what Moscow Center was telling them to do and how it made them feel. That was something even their SVR controllers would not know. “That’s everything,” says Alan Kohler. “There’s nothing going on with this cell that we don’t know about.”

This allowed the FBI to stay one step ahead of the illegals. If they were planning a covert meeting, then there was no need to follow the spies to find out where it was and risk being spotted. Since you knew exactly where and when the meeting would take place, you could simply stake out the location ready for them to arrive. But even more important, it provided an insight into what orders they were being sent from Moscow and what intelligence they were sending back. Their overall mission was set out in a message sent to the Murphys: “The only goal and task of our Service and of us is security of our country. All our activities are subjected to this goal. Only for reaching this goal you were dispatched to US, settled down there, gained legal status and were expected to start striking up usefull [sic] acquaintances, broadening circle of your well placed connections, gaining information and eventually recruiting sources.”

This was the mission of the illegals. To pose as Americans, bury themselves deep, and then identify people who could help Russia. And in Moscow, there was a new master for Russia’s spies. He was one of their own and a man for whom the importance of spying—and catching your enemy’s spies—was utmost in his mind.