History of the Jews (Vol. 1-6)
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Graetz Heinrich. History of the Jews (Vol. 1-6)
History of the Jews (Vol. 1-6)
Table of Contents
Volume 1
PREFACE
CHAPTER I. THE EARLIEST PERIOD
CHAPTER II. OCCUPATION OF THE LAND OF CANAAN
CHAPTER III. NEIGHBOURING NATIONS
CHAPTER IV. THE JUDGES
CHAPTER V. ELI AND SAMUEL
CHAPTER VI. THE APOGEE
CHAPTER VII. DAVID AND ISHBOSHETH
CHAPTER VIII. DAVID
CHAPTER IX. SOLOMON
CHAPTER X. SECESSION OF THE TRIBES
CHAPTER XI. THE HOUSE OF DAVID AND THE JEHUIDES
CHAPTER XII. END OF THE HOUSE OF JEHU AND THE TIME OF UZZIAH
CHAPTER XIII. THE DOWNFALL OF THE KINGDOM OF THE TEN TRIBES; THE HOUSE OF DAVID, AND THE INTERVENTION OF THE ASSYRIANS
CHAPTER XIV. THE END OF THE KINGDOM OF THE TEN TRIBES, AND THE HOUSE OF DAVID
CHAPTER XV. THE LAST KINGS OF JUDAH
CHAPTER XVI. END OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH
CHAPTER XVII. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE DESTRUCTION
CHAPTER XVIII. THE BABYLONIAN EXILE
CHAPTER XIX. THE RETURN FROM BABYLON, THE NEW COMMUNITY IN JUDÆA, EZRA AND NEHEMIAH
CHAPTER XX. THE SOPHERIC AGE
CHAPTER XXI. SIMON THE JUST AND HIS DESCENDANTS
CHAPTER XXII. THE TYRANNICAL CONVERSION TO HELLENISM AND THE ELEVATION OF THE MACCABEES
CHAPTER XXIII. VICTORIES AND DEATH OF JUDAS MACCABÆUS; JONATHAN THE HASMONÆAN
CHAPTER XXIV. THE JUDÆANS IN ALEXANDRIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SIMON
Volume 2
CHAPTER I. JOHN HYRCANUS
CHAPTER II. HYRCANUS'S SUCCESSORS, ARISTOBULUS I, ALEXANDER JANNÆUS, AND SALOME ALEXANDRA
CHAPTER III. HYRCANUS II. ARISTOBULUS II
CHAPTER IV. ANTIGONUS AND HEROD
CHAPTER V. THE HERODIANS
CHAPTER VI. MESSIANIC EXPECTATIONS AND ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY
CHAPTER VII. AGRIPPA I. HEROD II
CHAPTER VIII. SPREAD OF THE JUDÆAN RACE, AND OF JUDAISM
CHAPTER IX. AGRIPPA II. AND OUTBREAK OF THE WAR
CHAPTER X. THE WAR IN GALILEE
CHAPTER XI. DESTRUCTION OF THE JUDÆAN STATE
CHAPTER XII. THE AFTER-THROES OF THE WAR
THE TALMUDIC EPOCH. CHAPTER XIII. THE SYNHEDRION AT JABNE
CHAPTER XIV. INNER LIFE
CHAPTER XV. REVOLT OF THE JEWS AGAINST TRAJAN AND HIS SUCCESSORS
CHAPTER XVI. CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR OF BAR-COCHBA
CHAPTER XVII. THE PATRIARCHATE OF JUDAH I
CHAPTER XVIII. THE FIRST AMORAIM
CHAPTER XIX. THE JEWS OF THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE
CHAPTER XX. THE PATRIARCHATE OF GAMALIEL IV. AND JUDAH III
CHAPTER XXI. THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY AND ITS RELATIONS TO JUDAISM
CHAPTER XXII. THE LAST AMORAÏM
Volume 3
CHAPTER I. THE DECAY OF JUDÆA AND THE JEWS IN DISPERSION
CHAPTER II. THE JEWS IN EUROPE
CHAPTER III. THE JEWS OF THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
CHAPTER IV. THE AGE OF THE GEONIM
CHAPTER V. RISE OF KARAISM AND ITS RESULTS
CHAPTER VI. FAVORABLE CONDITION OF THE JEWS IN THE FRANKISH DOMINIONS, AND THE DECAY OF THE EXILARCHATE IN THE EAST
CHAPTER VII. THE GOLDEN AGE OF JEWISH SCIENCE: SAADIAH AND CHASDAÏ
CHAPTER VIII. THE RISE OF JEWISH-SPANISH CULTURE, AND THE DECAY OF THE GAONATE
CHAPTER IX. IBN-GEBIROL AND HIS EPOCH
CHAPTER X. THE FIRST CRUSADE
CHAPTER XI. ZENITH OF THE SPANISH-JEWISH CULTURE: JEHUDA HALEVI
CHAPTER XII. PERSECUTIONS DURING THE SECOND CRUSADE AND UNDER THE ALMOHADES
CHAPTER XIII. SURVEY OF THE EPOCH OF MAIMUNI (MAIMONIDES)
CHAPTER XIV. MAIMUNI (MAIMONIDES)
CHAPTER XV. NEW POSITION OF THE JEWS IN CHRISTIAN LANDS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
CHAPTER XVI. THE MAIMUNIST CONTROVERSY AND THE RISE OF THE KABBALA
CHAPTER XVII. PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS, AND THE BURNING OF THE TALMUD
CHAPTER XVIII. THE AGE OF SOLOMON BEN ADRET AND ASHERI
Volume 4
CHAPTER I. CULTIVATION OF THE KABBALA, AND PROSCRIPTION OF SCIENCE
CHAPTER II. THE FIRST EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM FRANCE, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER III. THE AGE OF THE ASHERIDES AND OF GERSONIDES
CHAPTER IV. THE BLACK DEATH
CHAPTER V. THE AGE OF CHASDAÏ CRESCAS AND ISAAC BEN SHESHET
CHAPTER VI. JEWISH APOSTATES AND THE DISPUTATION AT TORTOSA
CHAPTER VII. THE HUSSITES. PROGRESS OF JEWISH LITERATURE
CHAPTER VIII. CAPISTRANO AND HIS PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS
CHAPTER IX. THE JEWS IN ITALY AND GERMANY BEFORE THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN
CHAPTER X. THE INQUISITION IN SPAIN
CHAPTER XI. EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM SPAIN
CHAPTER XII. EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM NAVARRE AND PORTUGAL
CHAPTER XIII. RESULTS OF THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. GENERAL VIEW
CHAPTER XIV. REUCHLIN AND THE TALMUD
CHAPTER XV. THE KABBALA AND MESSIANIC FANATICISM. THE MARRANOS AND THE INQUISITION
CHAPTER XVI. STRIVINGS OF EASTERN JEWS FOR UNITY. SUFFERING IN THE WEST
CHAPTER XVII. THE JEWS IN TURKEY. DON JOSEPH NASSI
CHAPTER XVIII. THE JEWS IN POLAND
CHAPTER XIX. SETTLEMENT OF JEWS IN HOLLAND.—FEEBLE ATTEMPTS AT ENFRANCHISEMENT
CHAPTER XX. THE DUTCH JERUSALEM AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR
Volume 5
CHAPTER I. CHMIELNICKI AND THE PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS OF POLAND BY THE COSSACKS
CHAPTER II. SETTLEMENT OF THE JEWS IN ENGLAND AND MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL
CHAPTER III. THE SCEPTICS
CHAPTER IV. SPINOZA AND SABBATAÏ ZEVI
CHAPTER V. LIGHT AND SHADE
CHAPTER VI. GENERAL DEMORALIZATION OF JUDAISM
CHAPTER VII. THE AGE OF LUZZATTO, EIBESCHÜTZ, AND FRANK
CHAPTER VIII. THE MENDELSSOHN EPOCH
CHAPTER IX. THE NEW CHASSIDISM
CHAPTER X. THE MEASFIM AND THE JUDÆO-CHRISTIAN SALON
CHAPTER XI. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE EMANCIPATION OF THE JEWS
CHAPTER XII. THE JEWISH-FRENCH SYNHEDRION AND THE JEWISH CONSISTORIES
CHAPTER XIII. THE REACTION AND TEUTOMANIA
CHAPTER XIV. BÖRNE AND HEINE
CHAPTER XV. REFORM AND YOUNG ISRAEL
CHAPTER XVI. AWAKENING OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE SCIENCE OF JUDAISM
CHAPTER XVII. THE YEAR 1840 AND THE BLOOD ACCUSATION AT DAMASCUS
CHAPTER XVIII. EVENTS PRECEDING THE REVOLUTIONS OF FEBRUARY AND MARCH, 1848, AND THE SUBSEQUENT SOCIAL ADVANCE OF THE JEWS
RETROSPECT
Volume 6
TABLES OF JEWISH HISTORY
I. THE PATRIARCHAL AGE
II. THE EXODUS
III. THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN
IV. THE ERA OF THE JUDGES
Judges
V. THE KINGDOM (1067–977 B. C. E.)
Kings
VI. JUDAH AND ISRAEL UNTIL THE CAPTURE OF SAMARIA (977–719 B. C. E.) (See the Table of the Kings of Judah and Israel, p. 127.)
VII. JUDAH UNTIL THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM (719–586 B. C. E.) (See the Table of the Kings of Judah and Israel, p. 127.)
VIII. THE CAPTIVITY (586–516 B. C. E.)
Babylonian Kings
Persian Kings
IX. THE AGE OF EZRA, NEHEMIAH, AND THE SCRIBES (516–332 B. C. E.)
Persian Kings
X. THE AGE OF THE PTOLEMIES AND THE SELEUCIDÆ TO ANTIOCHUS IV (332–175 B. C. E.) (See the Table of the High Priests, p. 128.)
Egyptian Kings
Syrian Kings
XI. THE AGE OF THE MACCABEES (175–140 B. C. E.) (See the Table of the High Priests, p. 128.)
Egyptian Kings
Syrian Kings
XII. THE HASMONÆAN DYNASTY (140–37 B. C. E.) (See the Genealogical Table of the Hasmonæan Dynasty, p. 130.)
Egyptian Kings
Syrian Kings
XIII. THE HERODIAN DYNASTY (37 B. C. E.–72 C. E.) (See the Genealogical Table of the Herodian Dynasty, p. 134, and the Table of the High Priests, p. 129.)
Emperors of Rome
Procurators of Judæa (Subalterns to the Roman Legates or the Governors of Syria.)
XIV. THE EPOCH OF THE MISHNA AND THE TANAITES (72–219 C. E.)
XV. THE EPOCH OF THE TALMUD, THE AMORAIM, AND THE SABORAIM (219–550 C. E.)
XVI. FROM THE COMPLETION OF THE TALMUD TO THE END OF THE GAONATE (550–1038 C. E.)
XVII. THE AGE OF GEBIROL, HALEVI, RASHI, AND MAIMONIDES (1038–1204 C. E.)
XVIII. FROM THE DEATH OF MAIMONIDES TO THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN (1204–1492 C. E.)
XIX. FROM THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN TO THE PERSECUTION IN POLAND (1492–1648 C. E.)
XX. FROM THE PERSECUTION IN POLAND TO THE PRESENT TIME (1648–1873 C. E.)
THE KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL (1067–586 B. C. E.)
THE HIGH PRIESTS (FROM THE CAPTIVITY TO THE DISPERSION.)
THE HASMONÆAN DYNASTY (143–37 B.C.E.)
THE HERODIAN DYNASTY (37 B.C.E.–70 C.E.)
Отрывок из книги
Heinrich Graetz
From the Earliest Period to the Modern Times and Emancipation in Central Europe
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With the object of protecting the people from a relapse into idolatry, and of supporting them during their state of transition from barbarism, they were allowed to form a conception of the Deity—though not by means of an image—through some material aid which would appeal to the senses. On Sinai they had beheld flashes of lightning with flames of fire, and from the midst of a burning cloud they had heard the Ten Commandments. An emblem of this phenomenon was now introduced to remind the people of the presence of the Deity as revealed at Sinai. It was ordained that a perpetual fire should be kept alight on a portable altar, and be carried before the tribes during their migrations. Not the Deity Himself, but the revelation of the Deity at Sinai, should thereby be made perceptible to the sense of vision. The performance of sacrificial rites was a further concession to the crude perceptions of the people.
The spiritual religion promulgated at Sinai did not intend sacrifices as the expression of divine adoration, but was meant to inculcate a moral and holy life; the people, however, had not yet risen to this conception, and could only be advanced by means of education and culture. The other ancient nations having found in sacrifices the means of propitiating their deities, the Israelites were permitted to retain the same mode of divine service; but its form was simplified. The altar became an integral part of the sanctuary, in which no image was tolerated. The only objects contained therein were a candelabrum, a table with twelve loaves, symbolising the twelve tribes; and there was also a recess for the Ark of the Covenant. Altar, sanctuary and sacrificial rites required a priesthood. This primæval institution, too, was retained. The Levites, as the most devoted and best informed tribe, were charged with sacerdotal functions, as during the sojourn in Egypt. The priests of Israel, unlike those of the Egyptians, were precluded from holding landed property, as such possessions might have tempted them to misuse their prerogatives and neglect their sacred duties. For this reason it was prescribed that their subsistence should be derived from the offerings made by the people. Collaterally there existed a custom, dating from remote patriarchal ages, which demanded that the first-born son of every family should attend to the performance of sacrificial rites. This prerogative could not be abruptly abolished, and continued for some time alongside of the Levitical priesthood, though both of them stood in the way of the pure Sinaitic teachings. The materialism of the age demanded indulgent concessions, combined with provisions tending to the refinement of popular habits. Only through the aid of the spiritually gifted could the understanding of the subordinate nature of sacrifices be preserved in the consciousness of the people.
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