Читать книгу Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery - Graham R Duncanson - Страница 11

These items are very small and inexpensive, except for the centrifuge, McMaster slide and microscope, which it is not necessary to carry. However, the author considers the other items in the list to be essential:

• Arm-length sleeves are required for internal examinations but are probably not used for actual parturition procedures.

• Blood slides and coverslips are essential items.

• Blood tubes are required with different anticoagulants:

• Red top – serum – routine serology and biochemistry

• Green top – heparin – glutathione peroxidase (selenium)-BVD (bovine virus diarrhoea) antigen

• Lilac top – EDTA – haematology

• Grey top – oxidase/fluoride – glucose

• Blue top – acid wash – special ions e.g. Zn (must be non-rubber top for Zn).

• Biopsy punches of the small 8 mm disposable type are useful for skin biopsies. There are sophisticated biopsy gadgets available, which are vital for certain biopsies, e.g. liver biopsies. These need not be taken as a routine in the vehicle by an ambulatory clinician.

• A digital camera is important so that the clinician has the ability to download the photographs, label them, store them and send them as attachments to emails.

• Faeces sample bottles of sufficient size are required. Clinicians should be aware that quite large amounts of faeces are required for certain examinations. At least 70 g should be collected.

• Haematocrit centrifuge tubes can be used without a centrifuge to get a quick idea of packed cell volume (PCV). However, a mini centrifuge is useful and relatively inexpensive. A hand-driven centrifuge for larger tubes is very cheap and can give adequate results. This need not be taken in the vehicle as a routine by an ambulatory clinician.

• Labels, notebook and a pen are all required for recording cases and sample taking.

• A magnifying glass is useful in skin examination.

• A ‘McMaster’ slide is required for carrying out faecal worm egg counts. Great care should be taken when handling the coverslip (with the squares), as they are delicate and expensive. These need not be taen as a routine in the vehicle by an ambulatory clinician.

• A microscope is a delicate piece of equipment. It is not recommend that it is routinely carried in the vehicle. However, the use of a microscope at the base is vital. It needs to be equipped for oil immersion. ‘Diff-Quik’-stained slides are also useful. Gram stain, Giemsa and methylene blue are important.

• Sample bottles containing formalin are required for preserving biopsy material. They should be stored separately from swabs required for bacteriological sampling.

• Small strong polythene bags are useful for skin samples and for double sealing various other samples, e.g. faeces sample bottles.

• A stethoscope is a vital piece of diagnostic equipment. Ideally it needs to be slim so that auscultation is possible under the muscles caudal to the shoulder, and both a bell and a diaphragm should be present. Obviously, there are sophisticated stethoscopes available, e.g. ‘Litmans’, but the inexpensive models are quite adequate.

• A thin stomach tube is required with a rectangular piece of wood to act as a gag with a hole to pass the tube through. This is useful for relieving bloat in calves, sheep and goats. It can also be used for obtaining samples of the rumen contents.

• Various types of swab are required. Some should have transport media and some should be plain. Sometimes a very narrow swab will be required.

• A clinical thermometer is vital. The traditional glass thermometers will last for years if kept carefully in a plastic case, but they are hard to acquire in the UK because of their mercury content. However, there are digital thermometers available. The clinician needs to choose whether the thermometer reads Celsius (Centigrade) or Fahrenheit – this is just a matter of which the clinician is happy with.

• Urine dipsticks are useful occasionally.