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1 1. Michel Bosquet (a pseudonym of André Gorz), ‘Les patrons découvrent “l’usine-bagne”’, Le Nouvel Observateur, no. 384, 20 March 1972, p. 64.

2 2. Bennett Kremen, ‘The New Steelworkers’, New York Times, 7 January 1973, special issue on ‘Business and Finance’, p. 1.

3 3. Agis Sapulkas, ‘Young Workers Are Raising Voices to Demand Factory and Union Changes’, New York Times, 1 June 1970, p. 23.

4 4. Quoted by Emma Rothschild, ‘Automation et O.S. à la General Motors’, Les Temps modernes, nos. 314–15, September–October 1972, pp. 467–86 (p. 479). In the industry, according to the Wall Street Journal, ‘morale in many operations is sagging badly, intentional work slowdowns are cropping up more frequently and absenteeism is soaring’ (Wall Street Journal, 26 June 1970), quoted in Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (San Francisco, CA: Straight Arrow Books, 1972), p. 252.

5 5. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, translated by Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage, 1995), p. 138.

6 6. Judson Gooding, ‘Blue-Collar Blues on the Assembly Line’, Fortune Magazine, July 1970, reprinted in Lloyd Zimpel, Man Against Work (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1974), pp. 61–75 (p. 62).

7 7. Emma Rothschild, Paradise Lost: The Decline of the Auto-Industrial Age (New York: Vintage, 1974), p. 124.

8 8. Gooding, ‘Blue-Collar Blues on the Assembly Line’, p. 63. According to one union member, ‘the young worker feels he’s not master of his own destiny. He’s going to run away from it every time he gets a chance. That is why there’s an absentee problem’ (ibid., p. 66).

9 9. According to a GM executive cited by Ken Weller, The Lordstown Struggle and the Real Crisis in Production (London: Solidarity, 1973), p. 2.

10 10. Quoted by Ken Weller from the Sunday Telegraph, 2 December 1973 and Newsweek, 7 February 1973 in Weller, The Lordstown Struggle, p. 2.

11 11. Quoted by Stanley Aronowitz, False Promises: The Shaping of American Working Class Consciousness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973), p. 26.

12 12. Gooding, ‘Blue-Collar Blues on the Assembly Line’, p. 63.

13 13. Quoted by Aronowitz, False Promises, p. 36.

14 14. Quoted by Studs Terkel, Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do (New York: The New Press, 2011; first published in 1974), p. 38.

15 15. John Lippert, ‘Shopfloor Politics at Fleetwood’, Radical America, no. 12, July 1978, pp. 52–69 (p. 58).

16 16. Ibid.

17 17. Agis Sapulkas, ‘Young Workers Disrupt Key GM Plant’, New York Times, 23 January 1972, p. 1.

18 18. See Michel de Certeau, L’Invention du quotidien, vol. 1: Arts de faire (Paris: Gallimard, 1990), p. 45.

19 19. Quoted by Aronowitz, False Promises, p. 41.

20 20. Gooding, ‘Blue-Collar Blues on the Assembly Line’, p. 68. According to the New York Times, today’s workers ‘are better educated and want treatment as equals from the bosses on a plant floor. They are not as afraid of losing their job as the older men and often challenge the foreman’s orders. And at the heart of the new mood […] there is a challenge to management’s authority’. See Agis Sapulkas, ‘Young Workers Are Raising Voices to Demand Factory and Union Changes’, New York Times, 1 June 1970, p. 23.

21 21. Richard Armstrong, ‘Labor 1970: Angry, Aggressive, Acquisitive’, Fortune, October 1969, reprinted in Compensation & Benefits Review, vol. 2, no. 1, January 1970, pp. 37–42.

22 22. Jefferson Cowie, ‘That 70’s Feeling’, New York Times, 5 September 2010, p. 19.

23 23. Bill Watson, ‘Counter-Planning on the Shop Floor’, Radical America, no. 5, May–June 1971, pp. 77–85 (p. 79).

24 24. Quoted in Milton Snoeyenbos, Robert F. Almeder and James M. Humber (eds.), Business Ethics: Corporate Values and Society (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1983), p. 307.

25 25. Aaron Brenner, ‘Rank-and-File Rebellion, 1967–1976’, PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1996, p. 37.

26 26. Weller, The Lordstown Struggle, p. 8.

27 27. Aronowitz, False Promises, p. 23.

28 28. Weller, The Lordstown Struggle, p. 3.

29 29. Quoted in ibid., p. 9.

30 30. Ibid.

31 31. Sapulkas, ‘Young Workers Disrupt Key GM Plant’, p. 1.

32 32. Jefferson R. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class (New York: New Press, 2010), p. 46.

33 33. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, p. 7. The Lordstown strike was ‘one of the most sustained campaigns of informal in-plant resistance ever to have been documented’ in American social history (Weller, The Lordstown Struggle, p. 8).

34 34. Malcolm Denise quoted in Weller, The Lordstown Struggle, p. 4.

35 35. Rothschild, ‘Automation et O.S. à la General Motors’, p. 469.

36 36. Ibid.

37 37. Aronowitz, False Promises, p. 35.

38 38. Rothschild, ‘Automation et O.S. à la General Motors’, p. 469.