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Grisar Hartmann. Luther
Luther
Table of Contents
Volume 1
Table of Contents
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
(PREFACE TO THE FIRST AND SECOND GERMAN EDITIONS)
CHAPTER I. COURSE OF STUDIES AND FIRST YEARS IN THE MONASTERY
1. Luther’s Novitiate and Early Life
2. Fidelity to his new calling; his temptations
3. The Journey to Rome
4. The Little World of Wittenberg and the Great World in Church and State
CHAPTER II. HARBINGERS OF CHANGE
1. Sources, Old and New
2. Luther’s Commentary on the Psalms (1513-15). Dispute with the Observantines and the “Self-righteous”
3. Excerpts from the Oldest Sermons. His Adversaries
4. Preliminary Remarks on Young Luther’s Relations to Scholasticism and Mysticism
5. Excerpts from the Earliest Letters
6. The Theological Goal
CHAPTER III. THE STARTING-POINT
1. Former Inaccurate Views
2. Whether Evil Concupiscence is Irresistible?
3. The Real Starting-point and the Co-operating Factors
CHAPTER IV “I AM OF OCCAM’S PARTY”
1. A closer examination of Luther’s Theological Training
2. Negative Influence of the Occamist School on Luther
3. Positive Influence of Occamism
CHAPTER V. THE ROCKS OF FALSE MYSTICISM
1. Tauler and Luther
2. Effect of Mysticism on Luther
CHAPTER VI. THE CHANGE OF 1515 IN THE LIGHT OF THE COMMENTARY ON ROMANS (1515-16)
1. The New Publications
2. Gloomy Views regarding God and Predestination
3. The Fight against “Holiness-by-Works” and the Observantines in the Commentary on Romans
4. Attack on Predisposition to Good and on Free Will
5. Luther rudely sets aside the older doctrine of Virtue and Sin
6. Preparation for Justification
7. Appropriation of the righteousness of Christ by humility—Neither “Faith only” nor assurance of Salvation
8. Subjectivism and Church Authority. Storm and Stress
9. The Mystic in the Commentary on Romans
10. The Commentary on Romans as a Work of Religion and Learning
CHAPTER VII. SOME PARTICULARS WITH REGARD TO THE OUTWARD CIRCUMSTANCES AND INWARD LIFE OF LUTHER AT THE TIME OF THE CRISIS
1. Luther as Superior of eleven Augustinian Houses
2. The Monk of Liberal Views and Independent Action
3. Luther’s Ultra-Spiritualism and calls for Reform. Is Self-improvement possible? Penance
CHAPTER VIII. THE COMMENTARY ON THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. FIRST DISPUTATIONS AND FIRST TRIUMPHS
1. “The Commencement of the Gospel Business.” Exposition of the Epistle to the Galatians (1516-17)
2. Disputations on man’s powers and against Scholasticism (1516-17)
3. Disputation at Heidelberg on Faith and Grace. Other Public Utterances
4. Attitude to the Church
CHAPTER IX. THE INDULGENCE THESES OF 1517 AND THEIR AFTER-EFFECTS
1. Tetzel’s preaching of the Indulgence; the 95 theses
2. The Collections for St. Peter’s in History and Legend
3. The Trial at Augsburg (1518)
4. The Disputation of Leipzig (1519). Miltitz. Questionable Reports
CHAPTER X. LUTHER’S PROGRESS IN THE NEW TEACHING
1. The Second Stage of his development. Assurance of Salvation
2. The Discovery in the Monastery Tower (1518-19)
3. Legends. Storm Signals
FOOTNOTES:
Volume 2
Table of Contents
CHAPTER XI. THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE GREAT APOSTASY
1. Allies among the Humanists and the Nobility till the middle of 1520
2. The Veiling of the Great Apostasy
3. Luther’s Great Reformation-Works—Radicalism and Religion
4. Luther’s Followers. Two Types of His Cultured Partisans: Willibald Pirkheimer and Albert Dürer
CHAPTER XII. EXCOMMUNICATION AND OUTLAWRY SPIRITUAL BAPTISM IN THE WARTBURG
1. The Trial. The Excommunication (1520) and its Consequences
2. The Diet of Worms, 1521; Luther’s Attitude
3. Legends
4. Luther’s sojourn at the Wartburg
5. Wartburg Legends
CHAPTER XIII. THE RISE OF THE REFORMED CHURCHES
1. Against the Fanatics. Congregational Churches?
2. Against Celibacy. Doubtful Auxiliaries from the Clergy and the Convents
3. Reaction of the Apostasy on its Author. His Private Life (1522–1525)
4. Further Traits towards a Picture of Luther. Outward Appearance. Sufferings, Bodily and Mental
CHAPTER XIV. FROM THE PEASANT WAR TO THE DIET OF AUGSBURG (1525–1530)
1. Luther’s Marriage
2. The Peasant-War. Polemics
3. The Religion of the Enslaved Will. The Controversy between Luther and Erasmus (1524–1525)
The Development of Luther’s Opposition to Free-Will from 1516 to 1524
Erasmus—His Attitude in General and his Attack on Luther in 1524
Luther’s Book “On the Enslaved Will” against Erasmus
Luther’s Later Dicta on the Enslaved Will and on Predestination
4. New Views on the Secular Authorities
5. How the New Church System was Introduced
Altenburg, Lichtenberg, Schwarzburg, Eilenburg
General Phenomena accompanying the Religions Change
Wittenberg. The Saxon Electorate
Nuremberg
Luther and the Introduction of the New Teaching at Erfurt
6. Sharp Encounters with the Fanatics
7. Progress of the Apostasy. Diets of Spires (1529) and Augsburg (1530)
FOOTNOTES:
Volume 3
Table of Contents
CHAPTER XV. ORGANISATION AND PUBLIC POSITION OF THE NEW CHURCH
1. Luther’s Religious Situation. Was his Reaction a Break with Radicalism?
2. From the Congregational to the State Church Secularisations
Confiscation of Church Property
Secularisation of the Matrimonial Courts. Against the Lawyers
3. The Question of the Religious War; Luther’s Vacillating Attitude. The League of Schmalkalden, 1531
Luther on Armed Resistance, until 1530
The Change of 1530; Influence of the Courts
The League of Schmalkalden and the Religious Peace of Nuremberg
Luther and the Religious War in Later Years
4. The Turks Without and the Turks [Papists] Within the Empire
Against Assistance for the Turkish War
In Favour of Assistance for the Turkish War
Luther on Turks and Papists
5. Luther’s Nationalism and Patriotism
CHAPTER XVI. THE DIVINE MISSION AND ITS MANIFESTATIONS
1. Growth of Luther’s Idea of his Divine Mission
Periodic Upheaval of Luther’s Idea of his Divine Mission
2. His Mission Alleged against the Papists
The Pope and the Papacy
The Catholics
Apocalyptico-Mystic Vesture
3. Proofs of the Divine Mission. Miracles and Prophecies
CHAPTER XVII. GLIMPSES OF A REFORMER’S MORALS
1. Luther’s Vocation. His Standard of Life
2. Some of Luther’s Practical Principles of Life
Luther on Sin
Luther’s Views on Penance
Luther on Efforts after Higher Virtue
Luther’s “Pecca fortiter.”
3. Luther’s Admissions Concerning His own Practice of Virtue
4. The Table-Talk and the First Notes of the same
The Pith of the New Religion. Doubts on Faith
5. On Marriage and Sexuality
The Necessity of Marriage
The “Miracle” of Voluntary and Chaste Celibacy
Luther’s Loosening of the Marriage Tie
Polygamy
Toleration for Concubinage? Matrimony no Sacrament
Luther on Matters Sexual
6. Contemporary Complaints. Later False Reports
Had Luther three children of his own apart from those born of his union with Bora?
Did Luther indulge in “the Worst Orgies” with the Escaped Nuns in the Black Monastery of Wittenberg?
The Passages “which will not bear repetition.”
Did Luther, as a Young Monk, say that he would push on until he could wed a Girl?
Luther’s stay as a boy in Cotta’s house at Eisenach no ground for a charge of immorality
Did Luther describe the lot of the Hog as the most enviable Goal of Happiness?
Did Luther allow as valid Marriage between Brother and Sister?
Did Luther Recommend People to Pray for Many Wives and Few Children?
Did Luther include Wives in the “Daily Bread” of the Our Father?
Was Luther the originator of the proverb: “Who loves not woman, wine and song remains a fool his whole life long”?
7. The “Good Drink”
Unsatisfactory Witnesses
Other Witnesses, Friendly and Hostile
Luther’s Own Comments on the “Good Drink.”
Witnesses to Luther’s Temperate Habits
From the Cellar and the Tap-Room
CHAPTER XVIII. LUTHER AND MELANCHTHON
1. Melanchthon in the Service of Lutheranism, 1518–30
Earlier Relations of Luther with Melanchthon
Melanchthon at the Diet of Augsburg, 1530
Melanchthon, the “Erasmian” Intermediary
2. Disagreements and Accord between Luther and Melanchthon
Disagreements
Points of Accord between Melanchthon and Luther
3. Melanchthon at the Zenith of His Career. His Mental Sufferings
Favourable Traits
Melanchthon’s Relations with Luther
CHAPTER XIX. LUTHER’S RELATIONS WITH ZWINGLI, CARLSTADT, BUGENHAGEN AND OTHERS
1. Zwingli and the Controversy on the Supper
2. Carlstadt
3. Johann Agricola, Jacob Schenk, and Johann Egranus
4. Bugenhagen, Jonas and others
CHAPTER XX. ATTEMPTS AT UNION IN VIEW OF THE PROPOSED COUNCIL
1. Zürich, Münster, the Wittenberg Concord, 1536
2. Efforts in view of a Council. Vergerio visits Luther
3. The Schmalkalden Assembly of 1537. Luther’s Illness
4. Luther’s Spirit in Melanchthon
FOOTNOTES:
Volume 4
Table of Contents
CHAPTER XXI. PRINCELY MARRIAGES
1. Luther and Henry VIII of England. Bigamy instead of Divorce
2. The Bigamy of Philip of Hesse
Philip Seeks the Permission of Wittenberg
The Bigamy is Consummated and made Public
Dispensation; Advice in Confession; a Confessor’s Secret?
Luther’s Embarrassment on the Bigamy becoming Public
Luther’s Private Utterances Regarding the Bigamy
Luther at the Conference of Eisenach. The Landgrave’s Indignation
Melanchthon’s Complaints
Literary Feud with Duke Henry of Brunswick
Opinions Old and New Regarding the Bigamy
CHAPTER XXII. LUTHER AND LYING
1. A Battery of Assertions.[216]
2. Opinions of Contemporaries in either Camp
3. The Psychological Problem Self-suggestion and Scriptural Grounds of Excuse
A Curious Mania
An Attempt at a Psychological Explanation
The New Theology of Lying
Luther’s Influence on His Circle
4. Some Leading Slanders on the Mediæval Church Historically Considered
5. Was Luther the Liberator of Womankind from “Mediæval Degradation”?
Conspectus of Luther’s Distortion of the Catholic View of Marriage
Luther’s Discordant Utterances on the Value of Marriage in his Sermons and Writings
Birth of the New Views on Marriage during the Controversy on the Vow of Chastity
The Natural Impulse and the Honour of Marriage
Practical Consequences of the New View of Woman: Matrimonial Impediments, Divorce
Respect for the Female Sex in Luther’s Conversations
The New Matrimonial Conditions and the Slandered Opponents
Two Concluding Pictures towards the History of Woman
CHAPTER XXIII. FRESH CONTROVERSIES WITH ERASMUS (1534, 1536) AND DUKE GEORGE († 1539)
1. Luther and Erasmus Again
2. Luther on George of Saxony and George on Luther
CHAPTER XXIV. MORAL CONDITIONS ACCOMPANYING THE REFORMATION PRINCELY PATRONS
1. Reports from various Lutheran Districts
2. At the Centre of the New Faith
3. Luther’s Attempts to Explain the Decline in Morals
4. A Malady of the Age: Doubts and Melancholy
CHAPTER XXV. IN THE NARROWER CIRCLE OF THE PROFESSION AND FAMILY LUTHER’S BETTER FEATURES
1. The University Professor, the Preacher, the Pastor
Relations with the Wittenberg Students
The Preacher and Catechist
Excerpts from Luther’s Sermons on Our Lady
Statements to Luther’s advantage from various Instructions. His Language
The Spiritual Guide
The New Form of Confession
Church Music
2. Emotional Character and Intellectual Gifts
3. Intercourse with Friends. The Interior of the former Augustinian Monastery
The more favourable side of the Table-Talk
Kindlier Traits Evinced by Luther
Prayer and Confidence in God
Other Personal Traits. His Family Life
CHAPTER XXVI. LUTHER’S MODE OF CONTROVERSY A COUNTERPART OF HIS SOUL
1. Luther’s Anger. His Attitude towards the Jews, the Lawyers and the Princes
The Jews
The Lawyers
The Princes
2. Luther’s Excuse: “We MUST Curse the Pope and His Kingdom”[987]
3. The Psychology of Luther’s Abusive Language
Various Psychological Factors
Connection of Luther’s Abusiveness with his Mystic Persuasion of his Special Call
The Unpleasant Seasoning of Luther’s Abuse
Protestant Opinions Old and New
4. Luther on his own Greatness and Superiority to Criticism The art of “Rhetoric”
CHAPTER XXVII. VOICES FROM THE CAMP OF THE DEFENDERS OF THE CHURCH
1. Luther’s “demoniacal” storming. A man “possessed”
2. Voices of Converts
3. Lamentations over the Wounds of the Church and over Her Persecutions
4. The Literary Opposition
CHAPTER XXVIII. THE NEW DOGMAS IN AN HISTORICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LIGHT
1. The Bible text and the Spirit as the “True Tests of Doctrine”
Liberty for the Examination of Scripture and Luther’s Autonomy
Experience given by the Spirit
Inspiration and the Canon of Scripture
Inward Assurance and Disagreements Without
Remedies against Disagreement. The Outward Word
The Way of Settling Doubts Concerning Faith. Assurance of Salvation and Belief in Dogma
Protestant Objections to Luther’s so-called “Formal Principle.”
2. Luther as a Bible-Expositor
Some Characteristics of Luther’s Exegesis
Luther’s Exegesis in the Light of His Early Development
3. The Sola Fides. Justification and Assurance of Salvation
Some Characteristics of the New Doctrine of Justification
The Striving after Absolute Certainty of Salvation
The “Article on which the Church Stands or Falls”: According to Modern Protestants
4. Good Works in Theory and Practice
Nature and Origin of the New Doctrine of Works
Augustine as the Authority for the New Doctrine of Works
The New Doctrine of Works in Practice, as Judged by Lutheran Opinion in the 16th Century
Luther’s Utterances in Favour of Good Works
Works of Charity. Luther and the Ages of the Past
5. Other Innovations in Religious Doctrine
The Regula Fidei
Some Peculiarities of the New Doctrine on the Sacraments, Particularly on Baptism
His Teaching on the Supper
Invocation of the Saints
Mary
Purgatory
6. Luther’s Attack on the Sacrifice of the Mass
First Attacks. “On the Abomination of the Silent Mass.”
“On the Corner-Mass.” Continuation of the Conflict
FOOTNOTES:
Volume 5
Table of Contents
CHAPTER XXIX. ETHICAL RESULTS OF THE NEW TEACHING
1. Preliminaries. New Foundations of Morality
2. The two Poles: the Law and the Gospel
3. Encounter with the Antinomianism of Agricola
4. The Certainty of Salvation and its relation to Morality
Certainty of Salvation as the cause and aim of True Morality. The Psychological Explanation
Luther’s Last Sermons at Eisleben on the Great Questions of Morality
Some notable Omissions of Luther’s in the above Sermons on Morality
Luther’s Vacillation between the Two Faiths, Old and New, in the Matter of Morality and the Assurance of Salvation
5. Abasement of Practical Christianity
Lower Moral Standards
Annulment of the Supernatural and Abasement of the Natural Order
The Book of Concord on the Curtailment of Free-Will
Christianity merely Inward. The Church Sundered from the World
Divorce of Religion and Morals
The Lack of Obligation and Sanction
6. The part played by Conscience and Personality. Luther’s warfare with his old friend Caspar Schwenckfeld
On Conscience and its Exercise in General
The Help of Conscience at Critical Junctures
Conscience in the Religious Question of the Day
Luther’s Warfare with his old friend Caspar Schwenckfeld
7. Self-Improvement and the Reformation of the Church
Did Luther Found a School of True Christian Life?
A Lutheran Theologian on the Lack of any Teaching Concerning “Emancipation from the World”
The Means of Self-Reform and their Reverse Side
Self-Reform and Hatred of the Foe
Companion-Phenomena of his Hate
Kindlier Traits and Episodes
The Reformation of the Church and Luther’s Ethics
The Reformation in the Duchy of Saxony considered as typical
The Aims of the Reformation and the Currents of the Age
8. The Church Apart of the True Believers
Luther’s Theory of the Church Apart prior to 1526
The Church Apart replaced by the Popular Church Supported by the State
9. Public Worship. Questions of Ritual
10. Schwenckfeld as a Critic of the Ethical Results of Luther’s Life-work
On the hoped-for Moral Revival
Further Complaints of Schwenckfeld’s. The Ethical Doctrines
Schwenckfeld on the Popular Church and the New Divine Service
CHAPTER XXX. LUTHER AT THE ZENITH OF HIS LIFE AND SUCCESS, FROM 1540 ONWARDS. APPREHENSIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
1. The Great Victories of 1540–1544
2. Sad Forebodings
3. Provisions for the Future
A Protestant Council?
Luther’s Attitude towards the Consistories introduced in 1539
Luther seeks to introduce the so-called Lesser Excommunication
The want of a Hierarchy. Ordinations
4. Consecration of Nicholas Amsdorf as “Evangelical Bishop” of Naumburg (1542)
The Ceremony at Naumburg
Luther’s booklet on the Consecration of Bishops
Excerpts from Luther’s Letters to the New “Bishop”
5. Some Further Deeds of Violence. Fate of Ecclesiastical Works of Art
End of the Bishopric of Meissen
Destruction of Church Property
Luther and the Images
Further details regarding the Fate of the Works of Art and of Art itself
CHAPTER XXXI. LUTHER IN HIS DISMAL MOODS, HIS SUPERSTITION AND DELUSIONS
1. His Persistent Depression in Later Years Persecution Mania and Morbid Fancies
His Depression and Pessimism
Some of the Grounds for His Lowness of Spirits
Suspicion and Mania of Persecution
Luther’s Single-handed Struggle with the Powers of Evil
2. Luther’s Fanatical Expectation of the End of the World. His hopeless Pessimism
Reason and Ground of Luther’s Conviction of the near End of the World
The End of the World in the Table-Talk
3. Melanchthon under the Double Burden, of Luther’s Personality and his own Life’s Work
Some of Melanchthon’s Deliverances
Melanchthon’s Strictures on Luther. His “Bondage”
Melanchthon’s Last Years
Review of Melanchthon’s Religious Position as a whole
Melanchthon Legends
4. Demonology and Demonomania
The Mischief Wrought by the Devil
On all that the Devil is able to do
On the Abode of the Devil; his Shapes and Kinds
The Devil and the Witches
Luther’s Devil-mania; its Connection with his Character and his Doctrine
The Weapons to be used against the Devil
5. The Psychology of Luther’s Jests and Satire
Humour in his Writings and at his Home
Humour a Necessity to Luther in his Struggle with Others and with Himself
More on the Nature of Luther’s Jests
CHAPTER XXXII. A LIFE FULL OF STRUGGLES OF CONSCIENCE
1. On Luther’s “Temptations” in General
2. The Subject-matter of the “Temptations”
3. An Episode. Terrors of Conscience become Temptations of the Devil
Schlaginhaufen and Luther
From Remorse of Conscience to Onslaughts of the Devil
4. Progress of his Mental Sufferings until their Flood-tide in 1527–1528
The Period Previous to 1527
The Height of the Storm, 1527–28
The Trouble Continues
Outbursts and Relief
5. The Ten Years from 1528–38. How to win back Peace of Conscience
The Years Previous to 1537
“I should have Died without any Struggle”
The “Struggles by Day and by Night” gradually Wane
How to find Peace of Conscience
6. Luther on his Faith, his Doctrine and his Doubts, particularly in his Later Years
Luther’s Notion of Faith
Luther as Pictured by Himself during Later Years
Earlier Undated Statements
Luther’s Pretended Condemnations of his whole Life-work
CHAPTER XXXIII. THE COUNCIL OF TRENT IS CONVOKED, 1542. LUTHER’S POLEMICS AT THEIR HIGHEST TENSION
1. Steps taken and Tracts Published subsequent to 1537 against the Council of the Church
2. “Wider das Bapstum zu Rom vom Teuffel Gestifft.” The Papacy renews its Strength
3. Some Sayings of Luther’s on the Council and his own Authority
4. Notable Movements of the Times accompanied by Luther with “Abuse and Defiance down to the very Grave.” The Caricatures
Brunswick, Cleves, the Schmalkalden Leaguers
The Zwinglian “Sacramentarians”
Calvin
“On the Jews and their Lies.” “On Shem Hammephorash,” 1543
Comparison with an earlier Jewish writing of Luther’s
Some special motives for his Polemics against the Jews
The Third Work against the Jews, 1543
Against the Turks
The Hideous Caricatures of “Popery Pictured”
CHAPTER XXXIV. END OF LUTHER’S LITERARY LABOURS. THE WHOLE REVIEWED
1. Towards a Christianity void of Dogma. Protestant Opinions
(a) Protestant Critics on Luther’s Abandonment of Individual Christian Dogmas and of the Olden Conception of Faith
(b) The Melting away of Luther’s Dogmas viewed in the Light of Protestant Criticism
Original Sin and Unfreedom; Law and Gospel; Penance
Luther’s Doctrine of Justification and Good Works, as seen by Protestant Critics
Luther’s Doctrine of Merit in the Eyes of Protestant Critics
Luther’s teaching on the Sacraments and on the Supper according to Protestant Teaching
Luther’s views on the Church and on Divine Worship according to Protestant Criticism
2. Luther as a Popular Religious Writer. The Catechism
His Collected Works; his New Edition of the Church-Postils
Good Points and Shortcomings of Luther’s Popular Works
The Catechism
Luther’s Catechism and Ecclesiastical Antiquity
3. The German Bible
The Work of Translation and its Conclusion
On the Language and the Learning Displayed in Luther’s Bible
Luther’s German Bible Considered Theologically
Psychological Aspects of Luther’s Work on the German Bible
The Bible in the Ages before Luther
4. Luther’s Hymns
CHAPTER XXXV. LUTHER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS SOCIETY AND EDUCATION
1. Historical Outlines for Judging of his Social Work
2. The State and the State Church
Was Luther the Founder of the Modern State?
The Prince as Absolute Patriarch
Luther’s Real Merit and his Claims
Other Factors which assisted in the Establishment of the State-Church
Significance of the Visitation and Inquisition held in the Saxon Electorate
Luther’s Misgivings in the Preface to the Visitors’ Directions
Divergent Currents
Conclusion
FOOTNOTES:
Volume 6
Table of Contents
CHAPTER XXXV (Continued) LUTHER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS SOCIETY AND EDUCATION
3. Elementary Schools and Higher Education
Luther’s Appeals on Behalf of the Schools
Polemical Trend of Luther’s Pedagogics
Luther’s Educational Plans
The Decline of the Schools Following in the Wake of the Innovations
Higher Education before Luther’s Day
Luther’s Success
4. Benevolence and Relief of the Poor
At the Close of the Middle Ages
Luther’s Efforts. The Primary Cause of their Failure
A Second Stumbling Block: Lack of Organisation
Influence of Luther’s Ethics. Robbery of Church Property Proves a Curse
Some Recent Excuses
5. Luther’s Attitude towards Worldly Callings
Luther’s Pessimism Regarding Various Callings. The Peasants
The Psychological Background. Luther’s Estrangement from Whole Classes of Society
The Merchant Class
Influence of Old-Testament Ideas
Usury and Interest
Luther on Unearned Incomes and Annuities
CHAPTER XXXVI. THE DARKER SIDE OF LUTHER’S INNER LIFE. HIS AILMENTS
1. Early Sufferings, Bodily and Mental
Fits of Fear; Palpitations; Swoons
Nervousness and other Ailments
The so-called Temptations no Mere Morbid Phenomena
2. Psychic Problems of Luther’s Religious Development
Temptations to Despair
The Shadow of Pseudo-Mysticism
Other Ordeals
Summary
3. Ghosts, Delusions, Apparitions of the Devil
The Statements Concerning Luther’s Intercourse with the Beyond
The Disputation with the Devil on the Mass
Possession and Exorcism
4. Revelation and Illusion. Morbid Trains of Thought
Luther’s Insistence on Private Revelation
Some Apparent Withdrawals
The “Temptations” as one of Luther’s Bulwarks
Three Perverted Theories Dominating Luther’s Outlook
Other Abnormal Lines of Thought and Behaviour
5. Luther’s Psychology according to Physicians and Historians
Addendum. Some Medical Opinions on Nervous Degeneration, and Abnormal Ideas
CHAPTER XXXVII. LUTHER’S LATER EMBELLISHMENT OF HIS EARLY LIFE
1. Luther’s later Picture of his Convent Life and Apostasy
The Legend about his First Public Appearance
The Legend about his Years of Monkish Piety
2. The Reality. Luther’s Falsification of History
Monastic Days of Peace and Happiness. The Vows and their Breach
Some Doubtful Virtues
Luther’s Alterations of the Facts
The Monkish Nightmare
3. The Legend receives its last touch; how it was used
CHAPTER XXXVIII. END OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. THE CHURCH-UNSEEN AND THE VISIBLE CHURCH-BY-LAW
1. From Religious Licence to Religious Constraint
Freedom as the Watchword
Intolerance Towards Catholics in Theory and Practice
Threats of Bloody Reprisals against Papists, Priestlings and Monks
The Death-Penalty Sectarians within the New Fold
Luther’s Self-justification and Excuses
Compulsory Attendance at Church
Opinions of Protestant Historians
Luther’s Spirit in his Fellows
2. Luther as Judge
The Conceit and the Obstinacy of the “Heretics”
“Heretics” who cannot be sure of their Cause
Where are your Miracles?
His Anger with Lemnius and Others
3. The Church-Unseen, its Origin and Early History
Invisibility of Luther’s Church
The Marks of the Church. Gradual Disappearance of the Old Conception of the Church
Origin and Early Outbuilding of the New Idea of the Church
Luther’s Later Attitude Towards the Idea of the Church. Objections
4. The Church becomes visible. Its organisation
5. Luther’s Tactics in Questions concerning the Church
The Erfurt Preachers in a Tight Place
Controversies with the Catholics on the Question of the Church
The Indefectibility of the Church and Her Thousand-Year-Long Error
Luther’s Tactics in the Interpretation of the Bible
CHAPTER XXXIX. END OF LUTHER’S LIFE
1. The Flight from Wittenberg
2. Last Troubles and Cares
Theological Disruption
The Controversy on Clandestine Marriages
Difficulties with the State Church
The Present and the To-come
3. Luther’s Death at Eisleben (1546)
4. In the World of Legend
CHAPTER XL. AT THE GRAVE
1. Luther’s fame among the friends he left behind
2. Luther’s Memory among the Catholics. The Question of His Greatness
3. Luther’s Fate in the First Struggles for his Spiritual Heritage
The Osiandric, Majorite, Adiaphoristic and Synergistic Controversies
Cryptocalvinism
The so-called formula of concord (1580)
4. Mutual Influence of the Two Camps. Growing Strength of the Catholic Church
Luther’s Churches
Progress and Gains of Catholicism
5. Luther as described by the Olden “Orthodox” Lutherans
6. Luther as seen by the Pietists and Rationalists
7. The Modern Picture of Luther
The latest efforts to portray Luther
The Janus-Picture of the Mediæval and Modern Luther
The “Religious” Reformer and the Hero of “Kultur”
A “Political” Luther?—Conclusion
APPENDICES
XLI—APPENDIX I. LUTHER’S WRITINGS AND THE EVENTS OF THE DAY ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
XLII—APPENDIX II. ADDITIONS AND EMENDATIONS
1–2. Luther’s Visit to Rome
3. Luther’s conception of “Observance” and his conflict with his brother friars
4. Attack upon the “Self-righteous”
5. The collapse of the Augustinian Congregation
6. The Tower Incident (vol. I, pp. 388–400)
7. The Indulgence-Theses
8. The Temptations at the Wartburg
9. Prayer at the Wartburg
10. Luther’s state during his stay at the Coburg
11. Luther’s moral character
12. Luther’s views on lies
13. Luther’s lack of the missionary spirit
14. Notes
FOOTNOTES
