Читать книгу EXTREMOPHILES as Astrobiological Models - Группа авторов - Страница 2

1  Cover

2  Title page

3  Copyright

4  Preface

5  Part I: Extremophiles in Environments on Earth with Similarity to Space Conditions 1 Volcanic Steam Vents: Life at Low pH and High Temperature 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Steam Cave and Vent Sites 1.3 Steam Cave and Vent Sample Collection 1.4 Culture Isolation 1.5 Cell Structure of Isolates 1.6 Environmental Models 1.7 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 2 Rio Tinto: An Extreme Acidic Environmental Model of Astrobiological Interest 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Acidic Chemolithotrophy 2.3 Rio Tinto Basin 2.4 Biodiversity in the Tinto Basin 2.5 Tinto Basin Sedimentary Geomicrobiology 2.6 The Iberian Pyrite Belt Dark Biosphere 2.7 Methanogenesis in Non-Methanogenic Conditions 2.8 Rio Tinto: A Geochemical and Mineralogical Terrestrial Analog of Mars 2.9 Conclusions References 3 Blossoms of Rot: Microbial Life in Saline Organic-Rich Sediments 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Overview of Saline Aquatic Systems 3.3 Prerequisites of Organic Carbon-Rich Sediment Genesis in Saline Lakes 3.4 Chemistry of Recent Organic Carbon-Rich Sediments in Saline Water Bodies 3.5 Microbial Life in Saline Sapropels 3.6 Relevance of Saline Sapropels 3.7 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 4 The Haloarchaea of Great Salt Lake as Models for Potential Extant Life on Mars 4.1 The Great Salt Lake System in the Bonneville Basin 4.2 The Transformation of an Ancient Wet Mars to a Modern Hostile Environment 4.3 Life in Evaporitic Minerals on Earth 4.6 Extant or Extinct Haloarchaea on Mars? 4.7 Conclusions and Insights Acknowledgments References 5 Arsenic-and Light Hydrocarbon-Rich Hypersaline Soda Lakes and Their Resident Microbes as Possible Models for Extraterrestrial Biomes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Mars 5.3 Enceladus 5.4 Titan References 6 Antarctic Bacteria as Astrobiological Models Abbreviations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Antarctica as an Analogous Environment for Astrobiology 6.3 Astrobiological Environments of Interest 6.4 Bacterial Adaptations to Extreme Environments as Analogues for Astrobiology 6.5 Antarctic Bacteria as Analogues for Astrobiology 6.6 Endemic Antarctic Bacteria used in Astrobiology 6.7 Cosmopolitan Bacteria Found in Antarctica and used in Astrobiology 6.8 Conclusion References 7 Extremophilic Life in Our Oceans as Models for Astrobiology 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Southern Ocean Ecosystem: West Antarctic Peninsula Region 7.3 Sea Ice Decline in WAP and Ice Shelf Collapse in Amundsen Sea 7.4 Deoxygenation Leading toward Hypoxic Zone in Amundsen Sea 7.5 Microbial Extremophiles in Southern Ocean 7.6 Chemosynthetic Abyssal Ecosystems 7.7 Hydrothermal Activity in Hrad Vallis on Mars 7.8 Why Chemosynthetic Ecosystems Remind Us of Environmental Conditions When Life Originated in the Universe 7.9 Ultra-Abyssal Ecosystem: Puerto Rico Trench 7.10 Affiliations of Abyssal Life to Astrobiology: Some Perspectives 7.11 Can We Find Protozoans Such as Xenophyophores on Other Planets? 7.12 Barophilic Organisms in the Deep-Sea Acknowledgments References

6  Part II: Extremophiles in Space (International Space Station, Others) and Simulated Space Environments 8 Challenging the Survival Thresholds of a Desert Cyanobacterium under Laboratory Simulated and Space Conditions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Endurance of Chroococcidiopsis Under Air-Drying and Space Vacuum 8.3 Endurance of Chroococcidiopsis Under Laboratory Simulated and Space Radiation 8.4 The Use of Chroococcidiopsis’s Survival Thresholds for Future Astrobiological Experiments Acknowledgments References 9 Lichens as Astrobiological Models: Experiments to Fathom the Limits of Life in Extraterrestrial Environments 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Survival of Lichens in Outer Space 9.3 Space Environment: Relevance in Space Science 9.4 Biological Effects of Space 9.5 Current and Past Astrobiological Facilities for Experiments with Lichens 9.6 Space Experiments with Lichens 9.7 Simulation Studies 9.8 Summary and Conclusions 9.9 Future Possibilities and Recommendations References 10 Resistance of the Archaeon Halococcus morrhuae and the Biofilm-Forming Bacterium Halomonas muralis to Exposure to Low Earth Orbit for 534 Days 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Material and Methods 10.3 Results 10.4 Discussion Acknowledgments References 11 The Amazing Journey of Cryomyces antarcticus from Antarctica to Space 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The McMurdo Dry Valleys 11.3 Cryptoendolithic Communities 11.4 The Black Microcolonial Yeast-like Fungus Cryomyces antarcticus 11.5 The Polyextremotolerance of Cryomyces antarcticus 11.6 Cryomyces antarcticus and its Resistance to Radiation in Ground-Based Simulated Studies 11.7 C. antarcticus and its Resistance to Actual Space Exposure in Low Earth Orbit 11.8 Conclusion 11.9 Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References

7  Part III: Reviews of Extremophiles on Earth and in Space 12 Tardigrades – Evolutionary Explorers in Extreme Environments 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Evolutionary Transition Towards Cryptobiotic Adaptations in Tardigrades 12.3 Cryptobiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptive Strategy 12.4 Defining Life in Cryptobiotic Animals 12.5 A Resilience Approach to the Cryptobiotic State 12.6 Molecular Mechanisms for Structural Stability in the Dry State 12.7 Tardigrades as Astrobiological Models 12.8 Tardigrades – Extremotolerants or Extremophiles? Acknowledgments References 13 Spore-Forming Bacteria as Model Organisms for Studies in Astrobiology 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Historical Beginnings 13.3 Revival of Lithopanspermia 13.4 Testing Lithopanspermia Experimentally 13.5 Lithopanspermia, Spores, and the Origin of Life 13.6 Interstellar Lithopanspermia 13.7 Humans as Agents of Panspermia 13.8 Survival and Growth of Spores in the Mars Environment Acknowledgments References 14 Potential Energy Production and Utilization Pathways of the Martian Subsurface: Clues from Extremophilic Microorganisms on Earth 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Energy Sources 14.3 Conclusion References

8  Part IV: Theory and Hypotheses 15 Origin of Initial Communities of Thermophilic Extremophiles on Earth by Efficient Response to Oscillations in the Environment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Required Conditions for the Origin of Life: Necessity of Rapid-Frequency Oscillations of Parameters 15.3 Parameters of the Environment for the Origin of Life 15.4 Formation of Prebiotic Microsystem Clusters and Their Conversion into Primary Communities of Thermophilic Extremophiles 15.5 Theoretical and Experimental Verification of the Proposed Approach 15.6 Conclusion References 16 Extremophiles and Horizontal Gene Transfer: Clues to the Emergence of Life 16.1 Introduction 16.2 T-LUCAs, LUCAs and Progenotes 16.3 Prebiotic World and T-LUCA 16.4 Emergence of LUCA 16.5 Chemical Composition of LUCA 16.6 Emergence of Cellular Life Forms 16.7 Evidence for Cellular Life Forms 16.8 The Hypotheses: Genetic First vs. Metabolism First 16.9 Extremophiles 16.10 The Viral Connection to the Origin of Life 16.11 Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) 16.12 Mechanisms of HGT 16.13 Clues to the Origins of Life and a Phylogenetic Tree 16.14 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 17 What Do the DPANN Archaea and the CPR Bacteria Tell Us about the Last Universal Common Ancestors? 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The Discovery of DPANN and CPR 17.3 Common Features of CPR and DPANN 17.4 LUCA and the Deep-Rootedness of CPR and DPANN 17.5 Short Branches, Deep Branches and Multiple LUCAs 17.6 Viruses: LUCA without ‘Cellular’ References 18 Can Biogeochemistry Give Reliable Biomarkers in the Solar System? Abbreviations 18.1 Evidence of Life in the Solar System 18.2 Extremophiles on Earth 18.3 Extremophiles in Low Orbits Around the Earth 18.4 Have There Been Extremophiles on the Moon? 18.5 Have There Been Extremophiles on Mars? 18.6 Europa is a Likely Location for an Extremophilic Ecosystem 18.7 Are There Other Environments for Extremophiles in the Solar System? 18.8 Are There Environments for Extremophiles on Exoplanets? References

9  Index