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At the IEEE Power Industry Computer Applications (PICA) conference held on 18–21 May 1969 in Denver, Colorado, Professor Fred C. Schweppe and his associates presented a three‐part paper on static state estimation and related detection and identification problems in electric power systems. The papers were subsequently published in the IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems [1–3]. The first paper [1] introduced the overall problem statement, mathematical modeling, and general algorithms for state estimation, detection, and identification (SEDI) using weighted least squares (WLS) approximations. The second paper [2] discussed an approximate mathematical model and the resulting simplifications in SEDI. The third paper [3] dealt with implementation problems, considerations of dimensionality, execution speed and storage, and the time-varying nature of actual power systems.

A year later, Merrill and Schweppe [4] introduced a bad data suppression (BDS) estimator, which is computationally very similar to WLS approximation. The concept is no more complex, and bad data detection and identification can be performed “for free,” since BDS requires no more computer time or complexity than does WLS, and in the absence of bad data, BDS reduces to WLS.