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The new fog computing provides an improved quality of service (QoS), low latency and ensures that specific latency-sensitive applications meet their requirements. There are many areas like the healthcare, oil and gas, automotive, and gaming industries that can benefit from adopting this new paradigm. For example, by performing predictive maintenance the downtime of manufacturing machines can be reduced, optimizing the workflow in a manufacturing plant, or fog computing can simply monitor the structural integrity of buildings, ensuring the safety of workers and clients. However, by implementing such architecture not only businesses can profit. At the same time, life in the city as we know it today can be improved. Multiple day-to-day activities can be optimized to yield better living comfort. For example, consider the following scenario: we can improve congestion on the highway by using smart traffic congestion systems, optimize energy by creating smart grids, and lower the fuel consumption and waiting time in traffic by using a smart traffic light system. All such examples can benefit from this paradigm and, to demonstrate the role of fog in different scenarios, we describe in this section two possible use cases in a smart city, i.e. a smart traffic light system [10] and a smart pipeline monitoring system [27].