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1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Schematic of the basic model of a kinetic energy converter with a...Figure 2.2 ReVibe Energy kinetic converter. (Photo reproduced by permission ...Figure 2.3 Schematic of a TEG with n- and p-type legs, and a hot and cold si...

2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Spectra for sunlight through heat and sun protection windows, LED...Figure 3.2 Efficiencies for indoor spectra calculated following the Shockley...Figure 3.3 Solar powered kitchen scale. (Photo reproduced by permission of S...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Spectral sensitivity function of the human eye for daylight visio...Figure 4.2 Exemplary spectral irradiance of a fluorescent tube and an incand...Figure 4.3 Displayed results for different luxmeter products with uncertaint...Figure 4.4 South office: hemispherical view.Figure 4.5 South office: view from entry.Figure 4.6 South office: view from desk.Figure 4.7 North office: glass doors at the window side.Figure 4.8 North office: hemispherical view.Figure 4.9 North office: left side of the room.Figure 4.10 Schematic of vectors, the coordinate system and the cardinal dir...Figure 4.11 Spectral solar irradiance AM 0 and AM 1.5.Figure 4.12 Position of the measurement point N2.Figure 4.13 Field of view from the measurement point N2 (hemispherical).Figure 4.14 Spectral irradiance of a fluorescent tube with daylight spectrum...Figure 4.15 Schematic of the assumptions for the calculation of the fluoresc...Figure 4.16 Spectral Transmission of common isolation and heat protection wi...Figure 4.17 Structure of a DAYSIM simulation.Figure 4.18 Daylight coefficient approach in DAYSIM (see Eq. 4.33). (Copyrig...Figure 4.19 Data flow of the simulation of the combined irradiation from sol...Figure 4.20 The north office in Radiance: Model “Geometry,” hemispherical vi...Figure 4.21 North office in Radiance: Model “Basic furniture,” hemispherical...Figure 4.22 North office in Radiance: Model “Details,” hemispherical view.Figure 4.23 Mean solar irradiance for sensors in the north office, detailed,...Figure 4.24 Schematic of the orientation of the measurement points in the ro...Figure 4.25 Mean solar irradiance for sensors in the south office, DAYSIM mo...Figure 4.26 Schematic of the orientation of the measurement points in the ro...Figure 4.27 Mean solar irradiance for sensors in the north office, scaling i...Figure 4.28 DAYSIM simulation with a mean solar irradiance in Wm^-2 for an em...Figure 4.29 DAYSIM simulation with a mean solar irradiance in Wm^-2 for an em...Figure 4.30 DAYSIM model, location Freiburg, mean solar irradiance for senso...Figure 4.31 DAYSIM model, location Freiburg, mean solar irradiance for senso...Figure 4.32 Histogram of solar irradiance: DAYSIM model, north office, Freib...Figure 4.33 Histogram of solar irradiance - DAYSIM-model, north office, Frei...Figure 4.34 Histogram of solar irradiance: DAYSIM model, south office, Freib...Figure 4.35 Histogram of solar irradiance: DAYSIM model, south office, Freib...Figure 4.36 Histogram of solar irradiance: DAYSIM model, north office, Freib...Figure 4.37 Histogram of combined irradiance: DAYSIM + Radiance + user-model...Figure 4.38 Influence of the orientation of the sensor to the radiation sour...Figure 4.39 Pyranometer to measure the irradiance Ee.Figure 4.40 Commercial silicon solar radiation sensor for outdoor applicatio...Figure 4.41 Measurement installation in the south office with context. A: Py...Figure 4.42 Measurement installation in the north office with context. A: Da...Figure 4.43 Environment of the installation location of the pyranometer N1(A...Figure 4.44 Vertical installation of the pyranometer N3 in the north office....Figure 4.45 Surrounding buildings of the south office viewed from soil level...Figure 4.46 Outdoor connection hallway between buildings, south side. A simi...Figure 4.47 Installation of the radiation sensor, outdoor, north window. The...Figure 4.48 Measured indoor radiation, reference year 2009 in [W/m²], room w...Figure 4.49 Measured indoor radiation, reference year 2009 in [W/m²], room w...Figure 4.50 Measured direct and diffuse radiation in the reference year 2009...Figure 4.51 Measured direct and diffuse radiation in the reference year 2009...Figure 4.52 North office in Radiance, location N1.Figure 4.53 Measurement setup with CMP3 pyranometers. Measurements were reco...Figure 4.54 Reference module (right, on top of the luxmeter head) and luxmet...Figure 4.55 Measurement setup for the calibration of the reference module (s...

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Diagram with (a) AM1.5 spectrum from IEC 60904-3, (b) fluorescent...Figure 5.2 (a) The metrological pyramid with the NMIs at the top and the acc...Figure 5.3 Schematic diagram of the Laser-DSR facility. In the lower half th...Figure 5.4 CAD drawing of the Laser-DSR facility showing the three major par...Figure 5.5 Photo of the complete laser setup with the beam routed through th...Figure 5.6 On the left-hand side of the photo the integrated solar cell goni...Figure 5.7 Schematic diagram of the Pulse-to-CW converter: A fiber bundle wi...Figure 5.8 Absolute spectral responsivity of a GaAs IPV cell, produced by th...Figure 5.9 Absolute spectral responsivity of an AlGaAs IPV cell, produced by...

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Traditional lens-based concentrator PV device (a) versus a PV-win...Figure 6.2 A simplified Jablonski diagram of luminescence processes in dyes....Figure 6.3 Normalized absorption and emission for BASF Lumogen F Red 305 [7]...Figure 6.4 The development of the binding energy of an electron in a state o...Figure 6.5 Optical transitions in CaBr₂:Tm²⁺ (top) and AlN:Eu³⁺,O^2– (b...Figure 6.6 The different types of core/shell quantum dots [27].Figure 6.7 Schematic of the working of a single-layer LSC. Other configurati...Figure 6.8 Theoretical efficiencies of a Red305 LSC with varying absorption ...Figure 6.9 Power efficiencies for two hypothetical LSCs without self-absorpt...Figure 6.10 Properties of Lumogen Orange [52]. (a) Absorption and emission s...Figure 6.11 A general schematic representation of the MC ray tracing flow. R...Figure 6.12 MC simulation for a hypothetical Red305 LSC with 80% visible tra...Figure 6.13 Example of the CIE 1931 color space chromaticity diagram with ap...Figure 6.14 Absorption and emission spectra of dye materials used for LSCs. ...Figure 6.15 Absorption and emission spectra of rare earth-based LSCs. In the...Figure 6.16 Absorption and emission spectra of LSCs based on core quantum do...Figure 6.17 Absorption and emission spectra LSCs based on core/shell quantum...Figure 6.18 Absorption and emission spectra LSCs based on doped core and dop...Figure 6.19 Absorption and emission of several Tm²⁺-doped halides. In the in...Figure 6.20 Absorption and emission spectra of selected LSC materials from S...Figure 6.21 Examples of colorful LSCs used as designs, (a) Waveguide with LS...

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Basic principles of OPV operation and typical materials and thick...Figure 7.2 Experimental efficiencies of OPV, Dye and Perovskite PV cells tak...Figure 7.3 Efficiency of photovoltaic cells as a function of Rp for differen...Figure 7.4 Maximum theoretical efficiency as function of bandgap for differe...Figure 7.5 Monolithic series circuitry in a module. The photovoltaic array i...Figure 7.6 Simulation of device efficiency for single cells (black) and modu...Figure 7.7 OPV flower designed by Fraunhofer ISE and gravure printed by VTT ...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 A silicon PV energy harvester (Panasonic) [10] (a). Dye-sensitize...Figure 8.2 (a) Comparison of commercial indoor Photovoltaic (PV) Energy Harv...Figure 8.3 Side view of semiconductor packaging method used for Lightricity’...Figure 8.4 I-V (blue line) and the P-V curves (red line) of the PV energy ha...Figure 8.5 Output power density of Lightricity’s energy harvesting module as...Figure 8.6 Typical circuit diagram of commercially available power managemen...Figure 8.7 Block diagram of the LTC4071.Figure 8.8 Light IV curves of Lightricity’s energy harvesting device as a fu...Figure 8.9 Output power of Lightricity’s energy harvesting device as a funct...Figure 8.10 Normalized efficiency of Lightricity’s energy harvesting device ...Figure 8.11 Experimental setup for load simulation measurements.Figure 8.12 The 50 mm × 20 mm × 15 mm IPEHPM. Top: PV energy harvesting modu...Figure 8.13 Output power of the PV energy harvesting module (pink squares), ...Figure 8.14 Functionality vs. power requirements in energy-harvesting powere...Figure 8.15 A 70 × 50 × 20 mm autonomous IoT sensor node for building automa...Figure 8.16 Block diagram of the building automation sensor. Sensor and radi...Figure 8.17 Current profile for a single CO₂ measurement and wireless transm...Figure 8.18 Energy harvesting power pack (Lightricity, Ilika).

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Calculated ideal (a) current density versus voltage and (b) power...Figure 9.2 Calculated maximum power density versus illuminance for select ma...Figure 9.3 Schematic illustration of the generalized wafer structure used in...Figure 9.4 Close-up image of the GaAs thin film photovoltaic cell array and ...Figure 9.5 Simulated J-V and P-V curves for PV cells under typical AM1.5 and...Figure 9.6 Schematic diagram of an AlGaAs PV cell optimized for indoor light...Figure 9.7 External quantum efficiency comparison of PV cells with GaAs and ...Figure 9.8 Measured (a) J-V and (b) P-V characteristics comparing GaAs and A...Figure 9.9 Power conversion efficiency and fill factor versus white LED illu...Figure 9.10 Dark current density of GaAs PV cell with area of 0.172 mm² and ...Figure 9.11 Reverse saturation current density of dominant space charge regi...Figure 9.12 Calculated power conversion efficiency versus side length for PV...Figure 9.13 Schematic diagrams of (a) device structure illustrating shunt le...Figure 9.14 Measured J-V and P-V characteristics of GaAs PV modules under wh...Figure 9.15 Measured shunt leakage current (a) under dark condition and (b) ...Figure 9.16 Comparison of measured conversion efficiency and fill factor und...