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Another group of cytokines with established clinical use are interleukins. There have been over three hundred and fifty thousand scientific articles published on interleukin since it was first discovered in 1977. More than sixty cytokines have been designated as interleukins since the initial discovery of monocyte interleukin (IL‐1) and lymphocyte interleukin (IL‐2). The numbering convention (i.e. IL‐___) is based on functional properties and biological structure.²⁰

Like other cytokines, the activity of interleukins in the immune system makes them an excellent target to treat immune system‐mediated disease such as allergy, asthma, autoimmunity, and chronic infections. For example, describing the interleukin products from Table 3.5, Actemra^® binds to IL‐6 receptors inhibiting IL‐6 mediated signaling. IL‐6 is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine produced by T‐cells, B‐cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and fibroblasts. IL‐6 is also produced in synovial cells, which leads to local joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Cosentyx^® is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody that binds to interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) cytokine and inhibits its interaction with the IL‐17 receptor. Through this interaction, IL‐17A inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Dupixent^® is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits IL‐4 and IL‐13 by binding to a receptor subunit shared by both complexes. Nucala^® is an IL‐5 antagonist impacting eosinophil activity. Kineret^® is an IL‐1R antagonist that impacts cartilage degradation and bone resorption, and Zinbryta^® binds to IL‐2 that is presumed to impact lymphocytes resulting in therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis.¹⁷