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NOTES
ОглавлениеI would like to express my gratitude to Catherine Boone, Bruce Kellison, Laura Isabel Serna, and Peter Trubowitz for their comments and suggestions on the first draft of this introduction. Of course, the responsibility for its content is mine.
1. “Cities Jammed in Worldwide Protest of Iraq War,” CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/02/15/sprj.irq.protests.main/.
2. Is Hann Tharoor, “Iraq War: Why was the Biggest Protest in World History Ignored,” Time, February 15, 2013, http://world.time.com/2013/02/15/viewpoint-why-was-the-biggest-protest-in-world-history-ignored/.
3. Jurgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, “February 15, or What Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the core of Europe,” Constellations 10, no. 3 (2003): 291–292.
4. Umberto Eco, Turning Back the Clock: Hot Wars and the Media Populism (New York: Harcourt, Inc, 2007), 204–206.
5. Regis Debry, “The French Lesson,” New York Times, February 23, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/opinion/23DEBR.html.
6. Fernando Savater, “Europa, Necesitada y Necesaria,” El País, May 31, 2003, http://elpais.com/diario/2003/05/31/opinion/1054332006_850215.html.
7. “The Frat Boy Ships Out,” The Economist, January 25, 2009, http://www.economist.com/node/12931660f.
8. I finished this introduction on August 31, 2017.
9. See Massimo Gaggi, “Le Promesse di Trump Sulla Sanita Americana,” Corriera della Sera, March 18, 2016, http://www.corriere.it/opinioni/16_marzo_18/usa-promesse-trump-sanita-eb8088ca-ec58-11e5-b4bb-fbc47dd8e9c6.shtml; Laurent Joffrin, “Edito,” Liberation, August 26, 2015, http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2015/08/26/baudruche_1370089; “Trump is Pushing U.S. Politics in an Ugly Direction,” Toronto Star, August 21, 3015, https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/2015/08/31/trump-is-pushing-us-politics-in-an-ugly-direction-editorial.html; Enrique Krauze; “Fascista Americano,” Letras Libres, November 22, 2016, http://www.letraslibres.com/mexico/politica/fascista-americano; Markus Feldenkirchen, “American Agitator: Donald Trump is the World’s Most Dangerous Man,” Spiegel Online, February 1, 2016, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/donald-trump-is-the-most-dangerous-man-in-the-world-a-1075060.html.
10. Here I understand by image a “set of beliefs, ideas, and impressions a person [or a country] hold regarding an object.” Philip Kotler, Marketing Management (New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2003), 566.
11. The analysis here is inspired by Fernand Braudel’s conception of historical time. On Braudel’s conception of longée durée see Fernand Braudel, On History (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980), 25–54.
12. Michael H. Hunt, The American Ascendency: How the United States Gained & Wielded Global Dominance (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
13. Hubert Vedrine, “Que Reste-t-il de L’hyperpuissance,” http://www.hubertvedrine.net/article-626.html.
14. Prableen Bajpai, “The World’s Top 10 Economies,” http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/022415/worlds-top-10-economies.asp.
15. “World Military Spending: Increases in the USA and Europe, Decreases in Oil Exporting Countries,” https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2017/world-military-spending-increases-usa-and-europe.
16. Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth, America Abroad: The United States Global Role in the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).
17. G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 4.
18. Matthias Maass, ed., The World Views of the U.S. Presidential Election, 2008 (New York: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2009), 3.
19. Holger Stark, “America’s Trumper-Tantrum,” Der Spiegel, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/opinion-why-donald-trump-stands-a-good-chance-of-winning-a-1081434.html.
20. On the idea of the American Dream see David Kamp, “Rethinking the American Dream,” Vanity Fair, http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2009/04/american-dream200904.
21. Maass, The World Views, 260.
22. Michael W. Kraus and Jacinth J.X. Tan, “Americans Overestimate Social Class Mobility,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 58 (May 2015): 101.
23. Anu Partanen, The Nordic Theory of Everything: In Search of Better Life (New York: Harpers Collins Publishers, 2016), 269–270.
24. Ed Miliband, “Social Mobility,” Speech at the Sutton Trust’s Social Mobility Summit in London,” Politics.co.uk, http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2012/05/21/ed-miliband-social-mobility-speech-in-full.
25. Fred I. Greenstein, The Presidential Difference: Leadership Style from FDR to Clinton (New York: The Free Press, 2000), 3 and 4.
26. Lynn Vavreck, “Why this Election was not about the Issues,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/upshot/this-election-was-not-about-the-issues-blame-the-candidates.html.
27. Paul J. Quirk, “Donald Trump and the Question of Fitness,” in The Elections of 2016, ed. Michael Nelson (Washington, DC: Sage Publications/CQ Press, 2017), 193–194.
28. Cited in James P. Pfiffner, The Character Factor: How we Judge America’s Presidents (College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 2004), 3.
29. James David Barber, The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972).
30. For an excellent critique of Barber’s work see Alexander L. George, “Review of The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House,” World Politics 26, no. 2 (January 1974): 234–282. George writes, “In my judgment … Barber’s theory is insufficiently developed and insufficiently validated to carry the burden of prediction,” 280.
31. Deroy Murdock, “Hillary’s Temperament: Wrong for President,” National Review, September 30, 2016, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/440586/hillary-clinton-temperament-president-not-job-her.
32. “Why Donald Trump Should Not Be President,” New York Times, September 26, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/26/opinion/why-donald-trump-should-not-be-president.html?mcubz=2.
33. David A. Farherenthold, “Trump Recorded Having Extremely Lewd Conversation about Women in 2005,” The Washington Post, October 8, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html?utm_term=.ee69c1ad63f8.
34. “Trump is Pushing U.S. Politics,” The Toronto Star.
35. Thomas Piketty, Economics of Inequality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015).
36. Nicolas Fitz, “Economic Inequality: It’s Far Worse Than You Think,” Scientific American, March 31, 2015, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/economic-inequality-it-s-far-worse-than-you-think/.
37. Larry M. Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 1 and 3.
38. Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups and Average Citizens,” Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014): 577.
39. Bartels, Unequal Democracy, 275.
40. Markus Feldenkirchen, “America’s Oligarch Problem: How the Super-Rich Threaten US Democracy,” Spiegel Online, September 10, 2015, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/donald-trump-and-other-super-rich-define-us-presidential-race-a-1052151.html.
41. “The Guardian View on the US Election: The Time is Right for a Female President,” The Guardian, October 21, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/21/guardian-view-on-us-presidency-time-is-right-for-female-leader-hillary-clinton.
42. Serge Halimi, “La Primaire Des Milliardaires,” Le Mode Diplomatique, September 2015, https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2015/09/HALIMI/53678.
43. Timothy Garton Ash, “El Dinero y las Campanas Electorales,” El País, October 8, 2015, https://elpais.com/elpais/2015/10/06/opinion/1444128942_629595.html.
44. Michel Onfray, “Benvenuti Nell’epoca del Cinismo Planetario,” L’Espresso, April 19, 2017, http://espresso.repubblica.it/plus/articoli/2017/04/14/news/tutti-cattivi-l-epoca-del-cinismo-planetario-1.299636.
45. Anu Narayanswamy, “Meet the Wealthy Donors who are Pouring Millions into the 2016 Election, The Washington Post, November 2, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/superpac-donors-2016/.
46. Marian Currinder, “Campaign Finance. Where Big Money Mattered and Where It Didn’t,” The Elections of 2016, 159.
47. Walter Dean Burnham, “The Reagan Heritage,” in The Election of 1988: Reports and Interpretations, ed. Gerald M. Pomper (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1988). Walter Dean Burnham, “Critical Elections: Dead or Alive?” in The End of Realignment? Interpreting American Electoral Eras, ed. Bayron E. Shafer (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1991).
48. Sidney Blumenthal, The Permanent Campaign (New York: Touchstone, 1982).
49. Marion R. Just, “Candidate Strategies and Media Campaign,” in The Election of 1996, ed. Gerald M. Pomper (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishing, 1997), 100.
50. Joe Keohane, “The Cry-Bully: The Sad Mind and Evil Media Genius Behind @realDonaldTrump,” Politico, May/June 2016, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/2016-donald-trump-politics-campaign-twitter-social-media-213827.
51. Rosario G. Gómez, “Las Mentiras de Trump: Cuatro al Día,” El País, February 24, 2017, https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/02/24/opinion/1487959818_932894.html.
52. Jeffrey Gottfried, Michael Barthel and Amy Mitchell, “Trump, Clinton Voters Divided in Their Main Source for Election News,” Pew Research Center, January 18, 2017, http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/17160025/PJ_2017.01.18_Election-News-Sources_FINAL.pdf.
53. Thomas E. Patterson, “New Coverage of the 2016 General Election: How the Press Failed the Voters,” Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, December 7, 2016, https://shorensteincenter.org/news-coverage-2016-general-election/.
54. Eliza Collins, “Les Moonves: Trump’s Run is ‘Damn Good for CBS,’” Politico, February 29, 2016, http://www.politico.com/blogs/on-media/2016/02/les-moonves-trump-cbs-220001.
55. Maria Konnikova. “Trump’s Lies vs. Your Brain,” Politico, January/February 2017, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/donald-trump-lies-liar-effect-brain-214658.
56. Benjamin Ginsberg reminds us that in the United States as in many other countries, lying has been a common political practice. Democrats and Republicans lie frequently, distorting the reality and misleading the public. President Kennedy lied about the United States not intervening in Cuba; Reagan on not trading weapons for hostages with Iran; Clinton about his dalliance with Monica Lewinsky; Cheney about the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. In American politics, telling the truth is often seen as an obstacle to accomplishing a self-interested goal. “Honesty” avers Ginsberg, “would so frequently be politically damaging that virtually all politicians and public officials become practiced liars.” Ginsberg, The American Lie (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 2.
57. “Post-Truth Politics: The Art of Lie,” The Economist, September 10, 2016, https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21706525-politicians-have-always-lied-does-it-matter-if-they-leave-truth-behind-entirely-art.
58. Fabio Chiusi, “Perché Donald Trump fa la Guerra ai Media,” L ‘Expresso, February 28, 2017, http://espresso.repubblica.it/visioni/societa/2017/02/28/news/perche-donald-trump-fa-la-guerra-ai-media-1.296269.
59. Jacques Pezet, “Les Plus Gros Mensonges de Tump,” Liberation, November 9, 2016, http://www.liberation.fr/desintox/2016/11/09/les-plus-gros-mensonges-de-trump_1527229.
60. Rafael Alvarez, “Fake News?, No, Viles Mentiras!,” Excelsior, August 6, 2017, http://www.excelsior.com.mx/opinion/rafael-alvarez-cordero/2017/08/06/1179912.
61. Umberto Eco, Travels in Hypereality (New York: Harcourt Inc, 1986), 14.
62. Sally Gershman, “Alexis de Tocqueville and Slavery,” French Historical Studies 9, no. 3 (Spring 1976): 467.
63. Octavio Paz, “Notes on the United States,” The Wilson Quarterly (Spring 1986): 69.
64. Cited in John Calvert, Sayyid Qutub and the Origins of Radical Islamism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 154.
65. Dag Blanck, “Television, Education, and the Vietnam War: Sweden and the United States During the Postwar Era,” in The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy and Anti-Americanism after 1945, ed. Alexander Stephan (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 104.
66. Adam Quinn, “Admiration Reborn: The British View of the US Presidential Election,” in The World Views, 75–76.
67. Joao Pontes Nogueira and Kai Michael Kenkel, “Brazil: Between Continuity and Change,” in The World Views, 58.
68. Adam Quinn, “Admiration Reborn,” 76.
69. Ruchi Anand, “Oh La La: Obamania a la Française,” in The World Views, 87–106.
70. Carlos Fuentes, A New Time for Mexico (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996), 160.
71. Zack Beauchamp, “Donald Trump’s Victory is Part of a Global White Backlash,” Vox, November 9, 2016, https://www.vox.com/world/2016/11/9/13572174/president-elect-donald-trump-2016-victory-racism-xenophobia.
72. Jorge Morales Almada, “López Obrador Iniciara Gira por EEUU contra Donald Trump, a Quien Llama ‘Grandulón Irresponsable,’” Univison 34, February 8, 2017, http://www.univision.com/los-angeles/kmex/noticias/relaciones-internacionales/lopez-obrador-iniciara-gira-por-eeuu-contra-donald-trump-a-quien-llama-grandulon-irresponsable.
73. Markus Feldenkirchen. “Confronting the Past: America Finally Turns its attention to Rampant Racism,” Der Spiegel, June 26, 2016, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-us-confronts-its-racist-past-a-1040952.html.
74. Erik Kirschbaum, “Trump Redoubles Support for Confederate Memorials and Opposition to Two GOP Senators,” Los Angeles Times, August 17, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/washington/la-na-essential-washington-updates-some-european-leaders-denounce-trump-1502900834-htmlstory.html.
75. Andrew Sparrow and Rowena Mason, “Theresa May Condemns Farright Views After Trump Charlottesville Remarks,” The Guardian, August 16, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/16/theresa-may-joins-cross-party-criticism-donald-trump-charlottesville-speech.
76. Paolo Decrestina, “Charlottesville, Bufera Su Trump Per il Corteo dei Suprematista Bianchi: Noi Li Condanna Apertamente,” Corriere Della Sera, August 13, 2016, http://www.corriere.it/esteri/17_agosto_13/charlottesville-bufera-trump-il-corteo-suprematisti-bianchi-non-li-condanna-apertamente-b7ceed54-8037-11e7-a3cb-7ec6cdeeea93.shtml.
77. “Attaque de Charlottesville: La Transgression Sans Précèdent de Donald Trump,” Le Monde, August 16, 2017, http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2017/08/16/la-transgression-sans-precedent-de-donald-trump_5172839_3232.html.
78. Lou Dobbs, War on the Middle Class: How the Government, Big Business, and Special Interest Groups Are Waging War on the American Dream and How to Fight Back (New York, Viking, 2006) and Lou Dobbs, “US Policy on Immigration is a Tragic Joke,” The Arizona Republic, August 28, 2005); Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998); and Samuel P. Huntington Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).
79. John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of America Nativism, 1860–1925 (Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955), 7–11.
80. Higham, Strangers in the Land, 3. Cited in Leo Chavez, Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001), 73.
81. Roger M. Smith, “‘The American Creed’ and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States,” Western Political Quarterly 41, no 2 (June 1988): 228–234.
82. David FitzGerald and David Cook Martin, “Trump’s Immigration Order Bad Foreign Policy,” The Conversation, January 29, 2017, https://theconversation.com/trumps-immigration-order-is-bad-foreign-policy-72053. See also Rowena Mason, “Theresa May ‘Does Not Agree’ with Donald Trump’s Immigration Ban,” The Guardian, January 28, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/28/may-under-pressure-to-condemn-trumps-immigration-ban.
83. Azadeh Ansari, Nic Robertson, and Angela Dewan, “World Leaders React to Trump’s Travel Ban,” CNN.com, January 30, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/30/politics/trump-travel-ban-world-reaction/index.html.
84. Blumenthal, The Permanent Campaign.
85. Martin P. Wattenberg, The Rise of Candidate-centered Politics. Presidential Election of the 1980s (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).
86. Reid Wilson, “Trump Lags Behind Clinton in Campaign Staff, Pollsters,” The Hill, July 22, 2016, http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/288867-trump-lags-behind-clinton-in-campaign-staff-pollsters.
87. See “Congresss and the Public,” n.d., Gallup, accessed October 1, 2017 http://www.gallup.com/poll/1600/congress-public.aspx.
88. Lydia Saad, “US Conservatives Outnumber Liberals by Narrowing Margin,” January 3, 2017, Gallup, Politics, http://www.gallup.com/poll/201152/conservative-liberal-gap-continues-narrow-tuesday.aspx?g_source=Politics&g_medium=lead&g_campaign=tiles.
89. Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America. The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), 3.
90. Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, Off Center: The Republican Revolution & the Erosion of American Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 6.
91. “EUA Discutem Sistema Eleitoral Apos Vitoria de Hillary no Voto Populares,” ISTOE, November 13, 2016, http://istoe.com.br/eua-discutem-sistema-eleitoral-apos-vitoria-de-hillary-no-voto-popular/.
92. Stephanie Le Bars, “L’écart de Voix Entre Hillary Clinton et Donald Trump, une Anomalie Démocratique?,” Le Monde, December 15, 2016, http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2016/12/15/le-casse-tete-de-l-oncle-sam_5049687_3232.html.
93. Jesus Reyes Heroles, “Changing Perceptions,” in Perceptions and Misconceptions in U.S.-Mexico Relations, ed. Andrew Selee (Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center and Letras Libres, 2005), 45.
94. On the rise of populism in the world see Pippa Norris. “It’s not just Trump. Authoritarian Populism is Rising Across the West. Here’s Why,” The Washington Post, March 11, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/03/11/its-not-just-trump-authoritarian-populism-is-rising-across-the-west-heres-why/?utm_term=.fe093f41ee8f.
95. Isabel González, “Vamos Hacer Entrar en Razón a Donald Trump: AMLO,” Excelsior, March 8, 2017, http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2017/08/03/1179519.
96. David Agren, “Lopez Obrador, Mexico’s Austere Populist. Sees Chances in Rise of Trump,” The Guardian, February 13, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/13/andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-mexico-donald-trump.
97. Joseph Nye, Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), 5.
98. Richard Wike, Bruce Stokes, Jacob Poushter, and Janell Fetterolf, “US Image Suffers as Publics Around the World Question Trump’s Leadership: America Still Wins Praise for its People, Culture, and Civil Liberties,” Pew Research Center Global Attitudes & Trends, June 26, 2017, http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/.
99. Wike, Stokes, Poushter, and Fetterolf, “US Images Suffers.”
100. Anne-Lorraine Bujon, “L’Amérique en Dissidence: #Resist. Introduction,” Esprit, May 2017, http://www.esprit.presse.fr/article/bujon-anne-lorraine/resist-introduction-39373?content=donald+trump.
101. Danny Hayes and Matt Guardiano, “The Influence of Foreign Voices on US Public Opinion,” American Journal of Political Science, 55, no. 4 (October 2011): 832, 845–846.
