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The author wishes to thank Xie Tao of Beijing Foreign Studies University, Diao Daming of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and Suisheng Zhao of the University of Denver, for reviewing the chapter and offering helpful suggestions. The author acknowledges financial support from the Young Faculty Research Fund of Beijing Foreign Studies University (2015JT003). All Chinese texts and sources quoted herein were translated into English by the author.

1. Sina.cn, China’s leading online media, used Game of Thrones as the umbrella term for its election coverage, http://news.sina.cn/news_zt/2016-election?vt=4&sid=186663, accessed November 9, 2016.

2. For example, a search using “Trump” as the keyword on zhihu.com, China’s version of quora.com, returns 7770 question items, 999 of which are marked as recommended, that is, with detailed answers, and a total of 45000 regular followers. In comparison, “Clinton” shows 3010 questions, 1000 recommends, and 8949 followers, and “President Obama” has 900 questions, 424 recommends, and 2694 followers. While there must be some amount of overlap in the search results, there are 8182 questions, 999 recommends, and 22000 followers under the subject of the “2016 U.S. presidential election,” in contrast to only 120 questions, 57 recommends, and 121 followers for the “2012 U.S. presidential election.” All searches were done in Chinese. Accessed December 28, 2016.

3. The Chinese media were quick to seize upon their audience’s demand for information about the 2016 US election, just as they were enthusiastic themselves about reporting on this epic event. The public’s interest and the media’s frenzy combined to produce an enormous number of TV programs, debates, lectures, news reports, and commentaries that focused on the election. In terms of scholarly interest, a simple search using “the U.S. presidential election” as the keyword on cnki.net, China’s most robust digital library of academic journals produces 5878 published articles in 2016 and 7310 articles in 2015. All searches were done in Chinese. Accessed December 28, 2016.

4. In a regular press conference held by China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs in February 2016, the Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying was asked whether China was concerned about the prospects of Donald Trump becoming the Republican presidential candidate and eventually the US president, as he had delivered his share of anti-China rhetoric on the campaign trail. Hua responded by saying, “Just like anybody else, we are watching the ongoing presidential election in the United States with great interest. Since it is America’s own domestic politics, I will refrain from making any comments on the candidate’s rhetoric that has just been mentioned.” http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/jzhsl_673025/t1342853.shtml, accessed December 28, 2016.

5. See, for example, Eduardo Porter, “A Trade War Against China Might Be a Fight Trump Couldn’t Win,” New York Times, November 22, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/business/a-trade-war-against-china-might-be-a-fight-trump-couldnt-win.html?_r=0 and “Will Trump Start a Trade War against China?,” Global Times, November 13, 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1017696.shtml.

6. It is well known that the fundamental goals of Chinese foreign policy in the postMao era are to preserve China’s independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, and to create a favorable international environment for China’s domestic reform programs and development. In China’s conceptualization of “a favorable international environment,” the relationship with the United States has always occupied a central position.

7. Ni Feng, “Guancha Zhongmei guanxi fazhan de sange weidu” [Three Dimensions to Observe the Development of China-U.S. Relations], Shijie Jingji Yu Zhengzhi 8 (2006): 26–31.

8. Francis Fukuyama, “America in Decay: The Sources of Political Dysfunction,” Foreign Affairs 93, no. 5 (September/October, 2014): 5–26. After the publication of Fukuyama’s Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014), Chinese scholars have written numerous articles reviewing and debating Fukuyama’s ideas and discuss the causes and consequences of America’s political decay. See, for example, Zhao Kejin, “Minzhu de kunhuo: Quanqiuhua shidai de Meiguo zhengzhi luoji” [The Puzzles of Democracy: The Logic of American Politics in the Era of Globalization], Meiguo Yanjiu [The Chinese Journal of American Studies] 1 (2015): 34–53.

9. Diao Daming, “2016 nian daxuan: Meiguo neizheng waijiao fengxiangbiao” [The 2016 U.S. Presidential Election: The Barometer of America’s Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy], in Meiguo Yanjiu Baogao 2016: 2016 Nian Daxuan Yu Meiguo Neiwai Zhengce [Annual Report of American Studies, 2016: the 2016 Election and America’s Domestic and Foreign Policy], eds. Zheng Bingwen and Huang Ping (Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2016), 5–6.

10. Xie Tao, “A Chinese Perspective on the US Presidential Election,” The Diplomat, August 26, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/08/a-chinese-perspective-on-the-us-presidential-election/.

11. Shen Dingli, “Election a Chance to Evaluate US Democracy,” Global Times, October 18, 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1012141.shtml.

12. For a Chinese perspective on the Thucydides Trap, see, for example, Mo Shengkai and Chen Yue, “The U.S.-China ‘Thucydides Trap’: A View from Beijing,” The National Interest, July 10, 2016, http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-us-china-thucydides-trap-view-beijing-16903?page=show. On the increasingly competitive nature of China-U.S. relations, one representative view was voiced by David Lampton, in his 2015 speech “A Tipping Point in U.S.-China Relations is Upon Us,” US-China Perception Monitor, May 11, 2015, http://www.uscnpm.org/blog/2015/05/11/a-tipping-point-in-u-s-china-relations-is-upon-us-part-i/.

13. Harry Harding, “Has U.S. China Policy Failed?,” The Washington Quarterly 38, no. 3 (2015): 95–122.

14. The American political drama was such a huge hit in China that even President Xi Jinping made a reference to it during his first state visit to the United States in September 2015. He used it again to reject claims that China’s anti-corruption campaign was in fact a “House of Cards” style of power struggle in 2016. See, Nick Gass, “Xi-Jiping House of Cards Joke,” Politico, September 23, 2015 http://www.politico.com/story/2015/09/xi-jinping-house-of-cards-joke-213961, and “China’s Xi Jinping Denies House of Cards Power Struggle but Attacks ‘Conspirators,’” The Guardian.com, May 3, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/04/china-xi-jinping-house-of-cards-attacks-conspirators.

15. Liu Xin, “Chinese Public Glued to US Election Debate for Entertainment,” The Global Times, October 20, 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1012765.shtml.

16. See, for example, Cheng Jing and Su Liuqiang, “Wangchao zhanzheng: ‘Bushi sanshi’ PK ‘Kelindun er’shi’” [The War Between Dynasties: “Bush the Third” vs. “Clinton the Second”], Shehui Guancha [Social Outlook] 8 (2015): 51–53 and Diao Daming, “2016 Meiguo daxuan: Kelindun jiazu PK Bushi jiazu?” [The 2016 U.S. Election: The Clinton Family vs. the Bush Family?], Shijie Zhishi 4 (2015): 48–49.

17. Zhang Xinning, “Ruhe lijie Meiguo 2016 nian daxuan zhong de “Shehuizhuyi” yinsu” [How to Understand the “Socialist Elements” in the 2016 U.S. Election], Dangdai Shijie Yu Shehui Zhuyi 2 (2016): 102–109.

18. Zhou Qi and Fu Suixin, “Shendu jiexi Meiguo daxuan zhong de ‘Telangpu xianxiang’ yu ‘Sangdesi xianxiang’” [Analysis of the Trump Phenomenon and the Sanders Phenomenon in the U.S. Presidential Election], Guoji Jingji Pinglun 3 (2016): 9–25.

19. See, for example, “Hillary Clinton Condemns Unfair Chinese Action on Steel Production, Pledges to Take On Chinese Trade Abuses as President,” hillaryclinton.com, April 11, 2016, https://www.hillaryclinton.com/briefing/statements/2016/04/11/hillary-clinton-condemns-unfair-chinese-action-on-steel-production-pledges-to-take-on-chinese-trade-abuses-as-president/.

20. To the author’s knowledge, only one Chinese academic correctly predicted Trump’s victory. See, Jessica Myers, “How a Professor in China Predicted Trump’s Victory More Accurately than Most U.S. Pollsters,” Los Angeles Times, November 14, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-pollster-20161114-story.html.

21. Yin Jiwu, “Shixi Xilali de zhengzhi xinli ji duihua zhengce pianhao” [An Analysis of Hillary Clinton’s Political Psychology and Her Policy Orientation toward China], Xiandai Guoji Guanxi 9 (2016): 20–26; 67.

22. Li Xinda, “Xilali de zhengzhi renge jiqi yingxiang” [Hillary Clinton’s Political Personality and Its Policy Implications], Guoji Yanjiu Cankao 6 (2016): 45–51.

23. Xiao An, “Yuce Xilali yidan dangxuan hou de duihua zhengce, yao bimian ‘lianpuhua’” [Predicting Clinton’s China Policy Must Avoid “Stereotypes”], Shijie Zhishi 21 (2016): 63–65.

24. Chen Dingding, “3 Ways a Hillary Clinton Presidency Would Affect USChina Relations,” The Diplomat, April 3, 2015, http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/3-ways-a-hillary-clinton-presidency-would-affect-us-china-relations/.

25. Qian Liwei, “Xilalai jingxuan zongtong: zhongmei guanxi zouxiang guaidian?” [Clinton Runs for President: China-U.S. Relations Reaching a Turning Point?] Chinia.com.cn, April 17, 2015, http://fangtan.china.com.cn/2015-04/17/content_35353154.htm#fullText.

26. Diao Daming, “2016 nian Meiguo daxuan yu Meiguo weilai zhengzhi de zouxiang” [The 2016 U.S. Presidential Election and the Future Direction of American Politics], Meiguo Yanjiu 6 (2016): 34–53.

27. “E-mail Scandal Reveals Hypocrisy of US Elite,” The Global Times, August 24, 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1002608.shtml.

28. “Zhongguo wangming dui Telangpu taidu fenlie” [Chinese Netizens Divided over Trump], huaqiu.com, March 30, 2016, http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2016-03/8791571.html.

29. Tang Shiping, “Zhongguoren weishenmo hui xiwang Telangpu ying?” [Why Do Chinese Want Trump to Win], Phoenix International Think Tank, September 9, 2017, http://pit.ifeng.com/a/20160927/50031496_0.shtml.

30. “Women’s Rights Activists in China Warn Trump against Gender Discrimination,” Lianhe Zaobao, December 16, 2016, http://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20161216-702808.

31. Diao Daming, “‘Telangpu xianxiang’ tanxi” [Analyzing the “Trump Phenomenon”], Xiandai Guoji Guanxi 4 (2016): 31–39; 63–64.

32. Zhou Qi and Fu Suixin, “Shendu jiexi Meiguo daxuan zhong de ‘Telangpu xianxiang’ yu ‘Sangdesi xianxiang’” [Analysis of the Trump Phenomenon and the Sanders Phenomenon in the U.S. Presidential Election], Guoji Jingji Pinglun 3 (2016): 9–25.

33. Da Wei, “Yansu kandai ‘Telangpu xianxiang’ de zhengmian yiyi” [The Positive Elements of the “Trump Phenomenon” Must be Taken Seriously], Xiandai Guoji Guanxi 8 (2016): 3.

34. Huang Renwei, “2016 nian Meiguo daxuan yu shijie zhengzhi bianhua xin qushi” [The 2016 U.S. Election and New Trends and Developments in World Politics], Dangdai Shijie 12 (2016): 8–11.

35. Wang Hongzhi, “‘Ke wenzhe fengbao’ yu ‘Telangpu xianxiang’” [Comparing the “Ke Wenzhe Storm” and the “Trump Phenomenon”], Shijie Zhishi 8 (2016): 56–57.

36. “What Would Trump Bring on China?” The Global Times, May 4, 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/981390.shtml.

37. “What would Trump bring on China?” The Global Times.

38. Eric Li, “How Trump Is Good for China,” New York Times, November 15, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/opinion/how-trump-is-good-for-china.html.

39. “Telangpu pk Xilali, duihua zhengce chengwei jingzheng jiaodian” [Trump vs. Clintion: China Policy Becomes Focus of Competition], Xinhua News, May 11, 2016, http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-05/11/c_128974090.htm.

40. See, for example, Wang Chong, “Telangpu shidai de zhongmei guanxi” [Forecasting China-U.S. Relations in the Trump Era], Gonggong Waijiao Jikan 4 (2016): 70–75; 146.

41. Diao Daming, “2016 nian daxuan: Meiguo neizheng waijiao fengxiangbiao” [The 2016 U.S. Presidential Election: The Barometer of America’s Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy].

42. “What Would Trump Bring on China?” The Global Times.

43. “Zhongmei guanxi zhujian kaiqi Telangpu shijian” [China-U.S. Relations Gradually Enters the Trump Era], thepaper.cn, November 12, 2016, http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1559971.

44. See “Clinton’s Fight for American Workers vs. Trump’s Choice to Buy Chinese Steel,” hillaryclinton.com, October 19, 2016, https://www.hillaryclinton.com/briefing/factchecks/2016/10/19/clintons-fight-for-american-workers-vs-trumps-choice-to-buy-chinese-steel/.

45. Diao Daming, “2016 nian Meiguo daxuan jiqi dui zhongmei guanxi yingxiang pinggu” [The 2016 U.S. Presidential Election and Its Implications for China-U.S. Relations], Dangdai Shijie 2 (2016): 61–64.

46. As America isolated China politically and economically, recognized the “Republic of China (Taiwan)” diplomatically, and confronted China militarily during the Korean War, China regarded the United States as its archenemy and the “evil imperialist” nation.

47. “Zhonggong Zhongyang guanyu zai quanguo jinxing shishi xuanchuan de zhishi” [Instructions of the CPC Central Committee on the Nationwide Propaganda about the Current Events], October 26, 1950; reprinted in Jianguo yilai zhongyao wenxian xuanbian [Selection of Important Documents Since the Founding of the PRC], CPC.People.com.cn, accessed January 5, 2017, http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64184/64186/66655/4492585.html.

48. Mao Zedong, “Mei Diguozhuyi shi zhilaohu,” [American Imperialists Are Paper Tigers] in The Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Vol. 5 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1977), 289–292.

49. Wang Jisi, “From Paper Tiger to Real Leviathan: China’s Images of the United States Since 1949,” in Chinese Images of the United States, ed. Carola McGiffert (Washington, DC: The CSIC Press, 2005), 9–22. The Chinese saw America’s setbacks at home and conflicts abroad as evidence of a struggling nation whose strengths had been substantially undermined by Vietnam and the Civil Rights movement. In fact, the Chinese opposition to “American imperialism” was so great that during the Cultural Revolution, a number of Chinese political leaders and intellectuals were prosecuted for being “capitalistroaders,” that is following the examples of American values and life-style.

50. Wang Jisi, “From Paper Tiger to Real Leviathan.”

51. The bombing was followed by a series of large-scale anti-America movements in China fueled by strong nationalistic sentiments.

52. See, for example, Zhu Chenghu, “Guanyu dangqian shijie zhanlve geju de jidian sikao” [Some Considerations of Current World Strategic Framework], Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi 2 (2011): 4–15; 156.

53. Richard Wike, “6 Facts about How Americans and Chinese See Each Other,” Pew Research Center, March 30, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/30/6-facts-about-how-americans-and-chinese-see-each-other/.

54. Richard Wike and Bruce Stokes, “Chinese Public Sees More Powerful Role in World, Names U.S. as Top Threat,” Pew Research Center, October 4, 2016, http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/10/05/chinese-public-sees-more-powerful-role-in-world-names-u-s-as-top-threat/.

55. Wang Jisi and Kenneth Lieberthal, Zhongmei zhanlve huyi: Jiexi yu yingdui [Addressing China-U.S. Strategic Distrust] (Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe, 2013), 25–38.

56. Zhao Mei, “Chinese Views of America: A Survey,” in Chinese Images of the United States, ed. Carola McGiffert (Washington, DC: The CSIC Press, 2005), 59–76.

57. Zhang Niansheng, “Shiwang, Shiluo, Shixin, Shiling: Meiguo minzhong yuanhe yanjuan daxuan naoju,” [Disappointment, Frustration, Dishonesty and Failure: Why Americans Are Tired of the Election Drama] People’s Daily, October 8, 2016, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2016-10/08/nbs.D110000renmrb_03.htm.

58. See, respectively, Gao Shi, “‘Meishi minzhu’: Wenti Chuzai Na’le,” [American-style Democracy: What Went Wrong] People’s Daily, October 25, 2016, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2016-10/25/nbs.D110000renmrb_03.htm; Wang Rujun, “‘Qianzhu zhengzhi,’ Kaibuchu mihe pinfu chaju yaofang,” [Money Politics Can’t Cure Economic Inequality] People’s Daily, October 26, 2016, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2016-10/26/nbs.D110000renmrb_03.htm; Zhang Penghui, “Zhengzhi biaoyan, gei zhongzu wenti shangba sayan,” [Political Shows Add Insult to Injuries on Race Issues] People’s Daily, October 27, 2016, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2016-10/27/nbs.D110000renmrb_03.htm; Liao Zhengjun, “Xinren queshi, Meiguo qingnian huanshang ‘Zhengzhi lengmozheng,’” [Lack of Political Trust Infects Young Americans with Political Apathy] People’s Daily, October 28, 2016, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2016-10/28/nbs.D110000renmrb_03.htm.

59. Yuan Peng, “Xuanju luanxiang tuxian Meiguo ‘bing’de buqing,” [Chaotic Election Exposes America’s Serious Sickness] People’s Daily, November 8, 2016, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2016-11/08/nbs.D110000renmrb_02.htm.

60. “Mei daxuan zaichuang dixian xin didu” [U.S. Election Sunk to Newest Low in its Bottom Line], Xinhaunet.com, October 10, 2016, http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-10/10/c_1119689322.htm.

61. “Commentary: New U.S. President Elected, Americans Still Confused,” Xinhua News, November 9, 2016, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-11/09/c_135817451.htm.

62. “Trump Opens Pandora’s Box in US,” Global Times.com, March 14, 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/973564.shtml.

63. Yuan Peng, “No Matter Who Wins, US presidential Election Reveals ‘Ill’ Democracy,” en.people.cn, November 8, 2016, http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/1108/c90000-9138837.html.

64. Shen Dingli, “Election a Chance to Evaluate US Democracy,” The Global Times, October 18, 2016, last accessed January 10, 2017, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1012141.shtml.

65. Zhang Zhixin, “Election Game Mirrors Failure of US Democracy,” China Daily, October 11, 2016, last accessed January 10, 2017, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2016-10/11/content_27018105.htm.

66. Anonymous, “Ni Pingshenmo chaoxiao Meiguo daxuan” [You Have No Right to Laugh at U.S. Election], blogpost, http://zh.wikiomni.com/s/blog_abba1a216204b3e4. Please note that this is an online essay with no source of publication and written by an anonymous person, which went viral on China’s social media during the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

67. Anonymous, “Ni Pingshenmo chaoxiao Meiguo daxuan.”

68. “Meiguo xuanju luanxiang tuxian zhidu biduan” [The Chaos in U.S. Election Expose Institutional Malaises] The People’ Daily, November 8, 2016, http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2016-10/08/nw.D110000renmrb_20161008_2-03.htm.

69. “China Strong Enough to Cope with Trump Victory,” The Global Times, November 9, 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1016894.shtml.

70. “What a Trump Presidency Means for US-China Ties,” The Global Times, November 9, 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1016904.shtml.

71. Zhang Yeliang, “Telangpu zhixia de Meiguo zouxiang” [America’s Direction under the Trump Administration], Shijie Zhishi 23 (2016): 38–39; 42–43.

72. Zhou Xinyu, “Telangpu dangxuan hou zhongmei guanxi de zouxiang” [The Direction of China-U.S. Relations After Trump’s Election], Shijie Zhishi 23 (2016): 72.

73. http://w.huanqiu.com/r/MV8wXzk4MTU0MjJfMTM4XzE0ODE3ODA1ODA= , last accessed January 10, 2017.

74. Chen Dingding, “4 Tips for US President-Elect Trump’s China Policy,” The Diplomat, December 4, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/12/4-tips-for-us-president-elect-trumps-china-policy/.

75. National Security Strategy of the United States of America, December 2017 https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf.

76. Robert Delaney, “Donald Trump’s Security Strategy Fuels Era of More Fractious Sino-US Relations: Analysts,” South China Morning Post, December 19, 2017, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2124858/donald-trumps-security-strategy-fuels-era-more.

77. “America and China: Destined for Conflict or Cooperation? We Asked 14 of the World’s Most Renowned Experts,” The National Interest, July 30, 2018, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/america-and-china-destined-conflict-or-cooperation-we-asked-14-worlds-most-renowned-experts.