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Two other alternative remote access mechanisms are often used: manual and automatic remote processing. Manual remote processing occurs when the remote “processor” is a staff member of the data provider. This can be as simple as sending programs in by email, or finding a co-author who is an employee of the data provider. The U.S. NCHS, German IAB, and Statistics Canada provide this type of access. Generally, the costs of manual remote processing are paid by the users.

More sophisticated mechanisms automate some or all of the data flow. For instance, programs may be executed automatically based on email or web submission, but disclosure review is performed manually. This method is used by the IAB’s JoSuA (Institute for Employment Research 2016). Fully automated mechanisms, such as LISSY (Luxembourg), ANDRE (U.S. NCHS), DAS (U.S. NCES), Australia’s Remote Access Data Laboratory (RADL), Canada’s Real Time Remote Access (RTRA), generally restrict the command set from the allowed statistical programming languages (SAS, Stata, and SPSS) and limit what the users can do to certain statistical procedures and languages for which known automated disclosure limitation procedures have been implemented.

Most of these systems only provide access to household and person surveys. Of the known systems surveyed above, only Australia’s RADL systems and the Bank of Italy’s implementation of LISSY (Bruno, D’Aurizio, and Tartaglia-Polcini 2009, 2014) seem to provide access to business microdata through automated remote processing facilities.