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The biblical texts found in Judean Desert sites outside of Qumran always represent proto-MT and those found in Qumran never do (with the sole exception of one tefillin [phylactery], 8QPhyl I). The key to understanding the background of this sharp difference lies in the correlation between the texts and the socio-religious background of the archeological sites.

Both the earlier site of Masada (scrolls written between 50 BCE and 30 CE) and the later Bar Kokhba sites (scrolls written between 20 BCE and 115 CE) in contradistinction with Qumran, were used by people (i.e. the Masada and Bar Kokhba freedom fighters) who closely followed the guidance of pre-rabbinic leaders in religious matters; thus they used exclusively the proto-Masoretic text embraced by that spiritual leadership.⁹ A close link between the Rabbis and the proto-Masoretic text is also reflected in the content of the tefillin (phylacteries) from the Judean Desert written in the MT style that reflect the instructions of the rabbis preserved in later rabbinic texts.

Although the Qumran texts display a wide textual variety, proto-MT does not appear there.¹⁰