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With the recent evolution of additive manufacturing, accurate cost prediction models are of increasing importance to assist decision-making during product development tasks (3). Estimating the cost is a challenging task in that it requires a vast amount of manufacturing knowledge in which many aspects, from design to production, need to be synchronized. As a result, various additive manufacturing cost models have been developed.

The state of the art in product cost estimation covering various techniques and developed methodologies has been reviewed (4). The overall work can be categorized into qualitative and quantitative techniques. The qualitative techniques are further subdivided into intuitive and analogical techniques, and the quantitative ones into parametric and analytical techniques. Also, the importance of cost estimation in the early phases of the design cycle is discussed in the review (4). The cost classification techniques are summarized in Table 1.1.

Also, more recently, an overview was presented of the costing models being developed and utilized associated with the additive manufacturing product development phases (3). Here, it was observed that the contexts and views described during the development of the models were often targeted at specific applications as well as technologies and were classified in many ways. Accordingly, different aspects of the cost estimation classification technique were detailed and definitions of some of the key terminologies were reported.

Since 2006, a total of ten review works related to costing in additive manufacturing were reported in which each differed significantly in terms of their scope. These works are collected in Table 1.2.

Table 1.1 Cost classification techniques (3).

Classification techniques	Definition
Method-based	Qualitative: Intuitive	Based on the experience of the estimator
Qualitative: Analogy	Based on historical data. A comparison is often made between old parts and new parts during estimation
Quantitative: Parametric	Based on statistical regression expression where variables are referred to as cost drivers
Quantitative: Analytical	Based on product decomposition into units, operations, or activities that relate to how to manufacture the product
Task-based	Design-oriented	Based on design-related activities
Process-oriented	Based on the process of commissioning the product development activities covering production-related and post-processing costs
Level-based	Process-level	Based on the production cost, which involves entire product development phases (pre-processing, production and post-processing)
System-level	Based on product life cycle that covers supply chain, operation management and system-level services