Читать книгу Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner - Группа авторов - Страница 63

Insect “blood” is called hemolymph, as it is devoid of oxygen‐carrying cells. Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and collection of waste products from, the tissues and organs is accomplished by diffusion in an “open” circulatory system. (Figure 3.7) A single hemolymph vessel lies along the dorsal midline. Hemolymph flows into openings within this region, called the heart, and is pumped cranially through the thoracic region (aorta) toward the head. Hemolymph leaves the aorta and flows back toward the caudal thorax and abdomen, where it re‐enters the circulation. Hemocytes within the hemolymph play a role in the insect's immune system (Snodgrass et al. 2015).

The respiratory system of the honey bee begins with a series of openings called spiracles along the lateral sides of the bee. These openings lead to thin‐walled air sacs and then to a complex of tubes called the tracheal system. The air sacs allow air to be moved through the system by abdominal contractions. Oxygen is thus delivered to the tissues by diffusion (Snodgrass et al. 2015; Vidal‐Naquet 2015) (Figure 3.11).