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To overcome these issues the formulator can look at the several chemical techniques to override the oxygen inhibition. As seen in Figure 3.11 when the free radicals are formed (see PI reaction in Figure 3.2) oxygen in the environment quenches the PI to an unexcited non-reactive state. This quenching lowers the number of polymeric chains and thus lowers crosslinking within the system. As can be seen in the first step (Figure 3.11) of the reaction, an oxygen-based free radical is formed which then seeks another free radical and chain terminates as shown in the second step. This classically results in an uncured coating surface [3].

Figure 3.9 Gallium-doped low-wattage long wavelength fluorescent bulb (GA-FL).

Figure 3.10 UV Cure Light Emitting Diode (LED) nail gel Unit.