Читать книгу Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry - Группа авторов - Страница 24
Оглавление4 Dental Form and Function as it Relates to Dental Therapy of Wild Animals
NOTE: Step‐by‐step therapeutic examples follow this section. Below is an outline indicating effective dental treatment modalities for various tooth types.
Elodont: Teeth that are continuously growing and have open apices. If vital, elodont teeth are better treated with pulpotomy. If necrotic, then root canal therapy or extraction is indicated.
1 Animals with only anterior elodont teeth (most rodents, e.g. rats, mice, squirrels; elephant tusks; hog tusks; hippo canines and incisors; upper incisors of hyrax).
2 Animals with both anterior and posterior elodont teeth. (Examples include Lagomorphs and some rodents [guinea pigs and chinchilla]; wombats are the sole marsupials).
3 Animals with only posterior elodont teeth (e.g. edentates [anteaters, armadillo, pangolins and sloths], and the primitive ungulate [aardvark]).
Tusks are elodont teeth:
Proboscidea: African and Asian elephant tusks are maxillary lateral incisors (2I2).
Artiodactyla: Tusks of hogs, and pigs, including babirusa are the maxillary and mandibular canines.
Figure 4.1 Warthog – Elodont male mandibular canine teeth only. Posterior teeth are brachydont, bunodont, and bilophodont.
Source: Peter Emily collection.
Figure 4.2 Female Red River Hog. Only the male has lower tusks and they are canine teeth.
Source: Peter Emily collection.
Artiodactyla: Canines and incisors of hippopotamus
Figure 4.3 Hippopotamus – Heterodont, elodont incisors, and canines, bunodont molars.
Source: Peter Emily collection.
Figure 4.4 Walrus – Maxillary canines are tusks. Elodont maxillary canines, Bunodont, slightly domed occlusal teeth.
Source: Peter Emily collection.
Elodont maxillary incisors: Hyrax (Atlantogenata)
(Little brother elephant – reference Maasai warriors).
Elodont canines:
Artiodactyla, Suidae: Hogs and pigs, babirusa
Rostral elodont teeth (canines and incisors):
Artiodactyla: Hippopotamus, peccary
Rodentia: Dormice, old and new world rats and mice, kangaroo rats, squirrels, beavers, and capybara generally have elodont anterior teeth, brachydont and loxidont posterior teeth.
Figure 4.5 Beaver Rodentia Castoridae Castor (2 species). Elodont incisors, brachydont, and loxidont caudal teeth.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Elodont maxillary canines and incisors: Perissodactyla
Rhinoceros has elodont maxillary canines and incisors.
Elodont posterior teeth:
Aardvark [1] – Tubulidenata (primitive ungulate)
Elodont all dentition:
Rodentia: Degu (South American rat), guinea pig, paca, chinchilla (see Figures 4.6 and 4.7).
Lagomorpha (see Figures 4.8–4.11).
Figures 4.6 and 4.7 Guinea pig: The mandibular canines extend to the last molar. Heterodont, elodont (all dentition), dilamdodont occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Figures 4.8–4.11 Lop Rabbit: Mandibular incisor extends to the mesial aspect of the first cheek tooth. Heterodont, elodont (all teeth), Hypsodont cheek teeth, dilamdodont posterior teeth.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Wombat: Heterodont, elodont (entire dentition); the only marsupial in this category. All teeth are aradicular hypsodont [2].
Bunodont: Dentition that has low crowns (roots are relatively long compared to the crowns), with prominent conical cusps on posterior teeth (e.g. pigs, bears, and browsing herbivores).
Carnivora, Pinnepedia: Walrus (post canines).
Artiodactyla, Hippopotamidae: Hippopotamus molars.
Artiodactyla, Bovidae: Buffalo, cattle, spiral‐horned antelopes, browsing antelopes, grazing antelopes, horse‐like antelopes, Gazelles and dwarf antelopes, sheep.
Edentata: Sloths.
Bunodont and Brachydont:
Artiodactyla, suidae: Pigs (Figures 4.12 and 4.13).
Giant panda
Figure 4.12 Giant panda: Strongly bunodont, and brachydont.
Source: Peter Emily collection.
Figure 4.13 Koala: Bunodont, brachydont.
Source: Peter Emily collection.
Brachydont: Browzers. Crowns shorter than roots and suffer relatively little occlusal wear, with roots that, at dental maturity, are longer than the crowns; not ever‐growing. Usually omnivores, carnivores:
Carnivora, Canidae, Felidae, Ursidae, Pongidae, Artiodactyla, Cervidae: Non‐grazing herbivores, aka browzers, e.g. tapir, deer, giraffe (see Figures 4.14 and 4.15).
Rodentia: Squirrels and beavers, old and new world rats and mice, kangaroo rat, porcupines.
Figures 4.14 and 4.15 Giraffe: Brachydont (browsers), bunodont, selenodont.
Source: Edward R. Eisner, skull Source: Peter Emily collection.
Homodont: (Figures 4.18–4.21).
Carnivora, Pinnepedia: Sea lion (homodont posterior teeth)
Edentata: Armadillo, sloth (cheek teeth)
Cetacea: Monophydont: Whales, dolphins, porpoises (when teeth are present)
Reptilia: Pleurodont homodont: Snakes, lizards
Figures 4.16 and 4.17 Beaver – Brachydont, loxidont.
Source: Peter Emily Collection.
Figure 4.18 Boa Constrictor.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Figure 4.19 Python.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Figures 4.20 and 4.21 Komodo Dragon.
Sources: 4.20 Peter Emily Collection. 4.21 Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Hypsodont: Grazers. High crowns, longer than the roots, forever growing, whose anatomical crowns shorten through occlusal attrition with age (e.g. Equidae, Elephant molars). (Figures 4.22–4.28).
Artiodactyla: Pronghorn antelopes
Perissodactyla: Horses, zebras.
Proboscidea: African and Asian elephant ‐ heterodont, elodont tusks (2I2), hypsodont molars that are loxodont.
Rodentia: Beavers, gerbils, hamsters, squirrels, marmots, prairie dogs.
Figures 4.22–4.24 Impala: Bunodont, selenodont.
Sources: 4.22 and 4.23 Source: Edward R. Eisner. 4.24 Peter Emily collection.
Hypsodont and Brachydont: Are treated similarly endodontically.
Rodentia, Geomyidae: Pocket gopher
Thecodont: Teeth set in a gomphosis (socket), as in dinosaurs, crocodiles, and mammals, including humans and rhinoceros.
Endodontic treatment plan similar to dogs, cats, and humans:
Carnivora (Canidae, Felidae, Mustelidae, Pongidae)
Procyonidae, Ursidae [Bunodont 1M1], Hyaenidae – aardwolf [Small caniform (microdontia of premolars), Homodont]: Heterodont, diphyodont, secodont carnassials teeth brachydont posterior teeth.
Primatomorpha:
Marsupialia: Secodont, bunodont and brachydont or hypsodont 3P3K
Figures 4.25 and 4.26 Horses and Zebras have hypsodont (high‐crowned; grazers), and are selenodont.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Figures 4.27 and 4.28 Perissodactyla: Rhinoceros. Thecodont, brachydont, hypsodont, lophodont (a simpler crown pattern than the equids), with elodont maxillary canines and incisors.
Source: Photo Edward R. Eisner, skull from Peter Emily collection.
Figures 4.29 and 4.30 Somali Leopard.
Sources: 4.29 Edward R. Eisner, 4.30 Peter Emily collection.
Figure 4.31 Clouded Leopard: Secodont, brachydont molar teeth.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Figure 4.32 Skunk: Secodont, brachydont molar teeth.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Figures 4.33 and 4.34 African lion: Heterodont, diphyodont, secodont carnassials, brachydont.
Sources: 4.33 Edward R. Eisner, 4.34 Peter Emily collection.
Figures 4.35 and 4.36 Maned Wolf: Heterodont, diphyodont, secodont carnassials, brachydont.
Sources: 4.35 Edward R. Eisner 4.36 sarefo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysocyon.brachyurus.jpg#/media/File:Chrysocyon.brachyurus.jpg. CC BY‐SA 3.0.
Figure 4.37 Grizzly bear: Heterodont, diphyodont, brachydont posterior teeth.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Figure 4.38 Black bear: Heterodont, diphyodont, brachydont posterior teeth.
Source: Peter Emily collection.
Figure 4.39 Baboon: Heterodont, diphyodont, bilophodont, brachydont posterior teeth.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Figure 4.40 Mandrill: Heterodont, diphyodont, bilophodont, brachydont posterior teeth.
Source: Peter Emily collection.
Figures 4.41 and 4.42 Chimpanzee: Heterodont, diphyodont, bilophodont, brachydont posterior teeth.
Sources: Edward R. Eisner.
Kangaroo: Diphyodont, secodont, brachydont or hypsodont 3P3.
Koala: Bunodont, brachydont.
Tasmanian Devil: Brachydont, bunodont, bilophodont.
Wombat: Heterodont, elodont (entire dentition); the only marsupial in this category. All teeth are aradicular hypsodont [2].
Wallaby: Diphydont, secodont 1st premolar, brachydont molars, hypsodont incisors
Figure 4.43 Wallaby Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA.
Source: Edward R. Eisner.
Figure 4.44 Wallaby.
Source: Auckland Zoo, Auckland, NZ 2018 (Wallaby B60012‐X‐000000CC‐3).
Figure 4.45 Wallaby.
Source: Auckland Zoo, Auckland, NZ 2018 (Wallaby B60012‐X‐000000CE‐3).
Figure 4.46 Tazmanian Devil.
Source: Coralee Eisner with permission.
Figure 4.47 Tazmanian Devil.
Source: Coralee Eisner with permission.
Figure 4.48 Tazmanian Devil.
Source: Auckland Zoo, Auckland, NZ 2018 (Wallaby B60012‐X‐000000CC‐3).
Figure 4.49 Tazmanian Devil.
Source: Auckland Zoo, Auckland, NZ 2018 (Wallaby B60012‐X‐000000CC‐3).
Figure 4.50 Tazmanian Devil.
Source: Auckland Zoo, Auckland, NZ 2018 (Wallaby B60012‐X‐000000CC‐3).
References
1 1 Miles, A.E.W. and Grigson, C. (eds.) (2003). Colyer's Variations and diseases of the teeth of animals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2 2 Pelizzone, I., Di Ianni, F., Volta, A. et al. (2017). Computed tomographic features of incisor pseudo‐odontomas in prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 58 (3): 273–283.
