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The level of the tensile modulus of CARBON FIBERS is controlled by the degree of preferred orientation of the layer planes in the direction parallel to the fiber axis. C₁₁, the elastic constant of graphite single crystals in the direction of the layer planes, is 1060 ± 20 GPa.

In general, the ratio of tensile strength to tensile modulus is smaller than 1 × 10⁻² for CARBON FIBERS TYPE HM (but the tensile strength is influenced by flaws in the fibers and may be improved in the future).

CARBON FIBERS TYPE UHM (ULTRAHIGH MODULUS) have moduli of elasticity in excess of 600 GPa, surpassing 50% of the theoretical C₁₁ number. Such high values of Young’s modulus can be achieved most readily in MESOPHASE PITCH‐BASED CARBON FIBERS (MPP‐BASED CARBON FIBERS).

See: CARBON FIBERS, CARBON FIBERS TYPE UHM, MESOPHASE PITCH‐BASED CARBON FIBERS.