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Many owners and veterinarians wonder if a particular medical issue observed in a companion animal is genetically controlled and related to its breed, sex, growth rate and size, age, or diet. Health registries can help answer those questions. In their simplest form, genetic health registries are repositories of the results obtained from either phenotypic or genetic health screening tests (see 3.4 Predicting and Eliminating Disease Traits). By recording and compiling the information in an accessible formant, owners, breeders, and veterinary practitioners can use that to inform decisions. Genetic health registries provide an important resource for the veterinary community by cataloging diseases of a population of animals (Table 3.7.1), permitting the development of informed treatment plans, and illuminating trends of emerging diseases.

Table 3.7.1 The top 11 breeds with the highest prevalence of elbow dysplasia by breed for those breeds with at least 50 evaluations from 1974 thru 2018

Source: Data from the OFA Canine Health Information Center health registry (www.ofa.org).

Breed	Rank	Number of evaluations	% Normal	% Overall dysplastic	% Grade 1 dysplasia	% Grade 2 dysplasia	% Grade 3 dysplasia
Chow chow	1	1248	50	49	25	17	6
Pug	2	216	59	41	26	13	2
Rottweiler	3	20 177	61	39	30	8	1
Bulldog	4	497	62	37	25	10	1
Fila Brasileiro	5	220	68	32	19	10	3
Boerboel	6	246	70	30	17	8	5
Black Russian terrier	7	767	72	27	19	7	1
Bernese mountain dog	8	17 869	73	27	18	7	3
Otterhound	9	137	73	27	22	4	1
Chinese shar‐pei	10	852	74	25	14	9	3
Newfoundland	11	8394	76	24	15	5	3

A primary objective of a registry is to provide a resource for breeders seeking health information on potential sires or dams. Another objective is to enable prospective owners to research the health of a breed in general or the parents and their relatives of a particular companion pet being considered. For example, Table 3.7.2 presents the health information of a dog of interest. In this example, for each dog, its registration number, birth date, and sex are listed followed by any health tests recorded. This particular dog has passed all its health clearances, as have a majority of its relatives. Health registries have the greatest value with broad participation; vast amounts of data provide the necessary power to predict outcomes and analyze trends.

Table 3.7.2 Health information on a dog of interest along with that of its sire, dam, and half siblings

Source: Data from www.ofa.org.

Dog of interest	Registration	Birthdate	Sex	Relation	Hipsa	Elbowb	Eyesc	Thyroidd
Larentia di Villa Roma	DN09589103	Dec 16 2004	F	Self	BT‐4753G27	BT‐EL2046F27	BT‐EYE316	BT‐TH315/27
Sire/Dam
Neartic de la Grande Lande	DL75874001	Mar 13 1997	M	Sire	BT‐3264G32	BT‐EL754M32	BT‐2233
High Clearings Zohra	DL87843301	Apr 5 2000	F	Dam	BT‐3953G36	BT‐EL1321F36	BT‐2881
Full sibling
Luna di Villa Roma	DN09589105	Dec 16 2004	F	Full Sib	BT‐4697G24	BT‐EL1998F24	BT‐3343	BT‐TH299/24
Longsword di Villa Roma	DN09589104	Dec 16 2004	F	Full Sib	BT‐5090E48	BT‐EL2362F48	BT‐3775
Half sibling (sire)
Touchstone's Jaiden D'Shea	DL76335705	Oct 15 1998	F	Half(Sire)	BT‐3650E37	BT‐EL1059F37	BT‐2591
Touchstone's Jericho Dune	DL76335702	Oct 15 1998	M	Half(Sire)	BT‐3659G37	BT‐EL1068M37	BT‐2590
Touchstone’s Crown Jewel	DL76335701	Oct 15 1998	F	Half(Sire)	BT‐3806E45	BT‐EL1199F45	BSD‐1372
Half sibling (dam)
Hufflepuff di Villa Roma	DN05032106	Oct 7 2003	F	Half(Dam)	BT‐4460E24	BT‐EL1781F24	BT‐EYE445	BT‐TH485/73
House Elf di Villa Roma	DN05032105	Oct 7 2003	M	Half(Dam)	BT‐5215G71	BT‐EL2476M71	BT‐3162	BT‐TH488/73
Humberto di Villa Roma	DN05032104	Oct 7 2003	M	Half(Dam)	BT‐4486E25	BT‐EL1805M25	BT‐3046
Hocus Pocus di Villa Roma	DN05032103	Oct 7 2003	F	Half(Dam)	BT‐4524G28	BT‐EL1833F28	BT‐3544
Hagrid di Villa Roma	DN05032101	Oct 7 2003	M	Half(Dam)	BT‐4916F49	BT‐EL2190M49	BT‐3163
Hex di Villa Roma	DN05032107	Oct 7 2003	F	Half(Dam)			BT‐3047
Hermione di Villa Roma	DN05032102	Oct 7 2003	F	Half(Dam)	BT‐4487G25		BT‐3044
Sidekicks Masters di Villa Roma	DN15480007	Aug 16 2006	M	Half(Dam)	BT‐5032G24	BT‐EL2301M24	BT‐EYE73	BT‐TH362/13
Sidekicks Mia di Villa Roma	DN15480003	Aug 16 2006	F	Half(Dam)	BT‐5103E29	BT‐EL2375F29	BT‐EYE101	BT‐TH444/29
Sidekicks Memory di Villa Roma	DN15480004	Aug 16 2006	M	Half(Dam)	BT‐5062G26	BT‐EL2332M26	BT‐4096	BT‐TH431/26
Sidekick's Morgan di Villa Roma	DN15480002	Aug 16 2006	F	Half(Dam)	BT‐5056G26	BT‐EL2327F26
Sidekicks Marquise Villa Roma	DN15480005	Aug 16 2006	M	Half(Dam)	BT‐5093G28	BT‐EL2365M28
Sidekicks Marinos Villa Roma	1 096 588	Aug 16 2006	M	Half(Dam)	BT‐5122G29	BT‐EL2393M29
Sidekicks Newsflash	DN21567304	May 5 2008	F	Half(Dam)	BT‐5437E30	BT‐EL2673F30	BT‐3959	BT‐TH600/39
Sidekicks Never Say Never	DN21567301	May 5 2008	F	Half(Dam)	BT‐5527G37	BT‐EL2762F37	BT‐3983

^a A hip result is a two‐letter breed code followed by the evaluation number, a subjective code for the hip conformation (E = excellent; G = good; F = fair), and the age of the dog in months when the hips were evaluated.

^b An elbow result is a two‐letter breed code followed by EL that indicates the number is associated with elbows, the evaluation number, an abbreviation of the sex of the dog (M = male; F = female), and the age of the dog in months when the elbows were evaluated.

^c An eye result is a two‐letter breed code followed by either the abbreviation EYE that indicates the number is associated with eyes or just the evaluation number.

^d A thyroid result is a two‐letter breed code followed by TH that indicates the number is associated with thyroid, the evaluation number, and the age of the dog in months when the thyroid was evaluated.

Dogs are the companion species with the greatest number of health screens available; these screens range from phenotypic tests such as hip conformation, eye, cardiac, or metabolic hormonal profiles to direct genetic mutation tests (see 3.11 Integrating Genotypic and Phenotypic Testing). Depending upon the registry, any and all health information may be collected and reported along with descriptive statistics such as sex, breed, age, etc. Alternatively, a select subset of screening tests that meet particular criteria may be recorded along with the descriptors. An example of the latter is the OFA Canine Health Information Center health registry, the largest repository of canine health information in the US, which covers purebred dog breeds as well as mixed‐breed dogs and some other species. The health screening data recorded and published by the OFA are limited to phenotypic results obtained through examinations and testing by professional veterinarians with the appropriate board certifications and DNA‐based results from validated genetic tests (Table 3.7.3).

Table 3.7.3 Genetic test screenings recorded in the OFA Canine Health Information Center health registry

Source: Data from www.ofa.org.

Phenotypic genetic tests	Mutation tests
Hip dysplasia	Adult‐onset neuropathy
Elbow dysplasia	Adult paroxysmal dyskinesia
Cardiac disease	Basenji progressive retinal atrophy
Congenital deafness	Canine multiple system degeneration
Serum bile acid	Degenerative encephalopathy
Eye disease	Degenerative myelopathy
Legg–Calvé–Perthes	Dilated cardiomyopathy
Patellar luxation	Fanconi’s syndrome
Sebaceous adenitis	Gangliosidosis
Spine	Juvenile laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy
Shoulder osteochondrosis	Neonatal cerebellar ataxia
Thyroid	Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
Tracheal hypoplasia	Neonatal encephalopathy with seizures
Dentition	Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate deficiency
Kidney	Primary lens luxation
	RCD4 progressive retinal atrophy
	Spinocerebellar ataxia
	Spongiform leukoencephalomyelopathy

In contrast, some individual dog breed clubs maintain their own health databases managed by dedicated club members. These breed‐specific health registries usually catalogue health conditions more typically observed within that breed as well as collecting information on a multiplicity of medical conditions. The information gathered and recorded often includes anecdotal descriptions of health issues. Although professional diagnoses are the most valuable for reliable use in decision making, sometimes aggregate anecdotal information reveals an emerging health issue.

Health screening results for cats can also be deposited with the OFA, although participation has been limited. The reduced data may be due to fewer health screens being typically employed by cat owners or that the health registration for cats is more decentralized and maintained within breed clubs. A similar breed‐specific approach is seen for equine health registries. Additionally, some registries are specific for a particular condition within a specific breed, such as the International Epilepsy Register for Belgian Shepherds. Registries targeting a single condition or those more anecdotal in nature are much less valuable to the veterinary and research community than the registries that are more comprehensive and centralized with health screenings validated by professionals.