Оглавление
Группа авторов. Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Hazard Recognition
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Patty's Industrial Hygiene
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
USEFUL EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AS A PROFESSION: YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW
1 INTRODUCTION: THE RATIONALE FOR INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PRACTICE
2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND EVOLUTION OF THE RATIONALE OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PRACTICE
2.1 The Early 1900s
2.2 1930s: The Emergence of Industrial Hygiene as a Profession
2.3 1940s: Publication of National Exposure Standards and Texts Buoyed the Profession
2.4 1950s: The Growth of Employment of Industrial Hygienists in General Industry
2.5 1960s: Certification of Industrial Hygienists Provides a Mark of Professional Recognition
2.6 1970s: OS&H Legislation and Its Impact on the Industrial Hygiene Profession in Several Countries
2.7 1980s: Growth and Major Changes in the Nature of Industrial Hygiene Profession
2.8 1990s: Growth of Industrial Hygiene Management
2.9 The Twenty‐First Century
2.9.1 Manufacturing
2.9.2 Service
2.9.3 Education and Training
2.10 Continuing Evolution of the Profession
3 CURRENT STATUS OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
3.1 Laboratory Accreditation Programs
4 IMPORTANT CURRENT AND EMERGING TOPICS IN THE PRACTICE OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
4.1 Product Stewardship
4.2 Advances in Exposure Assessment Methodologies and Technologies
4.3 Development of Industrial and Occupational Hygiene Training
4.4 Integration of Total Worker Exposure and Health Concepts into Industrial Hygiene Practice
4.5 The Growth in Management Systems for Occupational and Industrial Hygiene
4.6 Indoor Air Quality
4.7 Emergency Preparedness and Response
4.8 Evolution of Occupational and Industrial Hygiene Ethics
5 Industrial Hygiene Today: Currently Defining Occupational and Industrial Hygiene
6 CONCLUSIONS
Bibliography
Note
ETHICS IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
1 DEFINING ETHICAL BEHAVIOR
2 BUSINESS ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
2.1 Worker‐Driven Social Responsibility
3 FACTORS INFLUENCING ETHICAL MISCONDUCT
4 APPROACHES TO ETHICAL DECISION MAKING
4.1 Reason‐Based Approach
4.2 Intuitive Approach
5 BUSINESS CASE FOR EHS ETHICS
5.1 Making Your Case
6 ETHICAL GUIDANCE STATEMENTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL PROFESSIONS
6.1 ABIH Industrial Hygiene Code of Ethics
6.2 Joint Industrial Hygiene Associations Member Ethical Principles
6.3 AIHA Code of Conduct
6.4 Joint Industrial Hygiene Ethics Education Committee (JIHEEC)
6.5 Code of Ethics for Registered Occupational Hygienists and Occupational Hygiene Technologists (Canada)
6.6 International Code of Ethics for Occupational Health Professionals
7 CASE STUDIES: IH ETHICAL DILEMMAS
7.1 Case 1 – The Cannabis Conundrum. 7.1.1 Background
7.1.2 Issue
7.1.3 Analysis
7.2 Case 2 – To Tell, or Not to Tell: Is There Even a Question? 7.2.1 Background
7.2.2 Issue
7.2.3 Analysis
7.3 Case 3 – The Global Garment Trade. 7.3.1 Background
7.3.2 Issue
7.3.3 Analysis
ENDNOTES
Bibliography
PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FATALITIES AND UNSAFE DESIGN
3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PD
4 PD AND SYSTEM SAFETY
5 Z590.3 PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN
5.1 Policy and Responsibilities
5.2 Suppliers and Third Parties
5.3 Design Safety Reviews
5.4 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment Process
6 PD IN CONSTRUCTION
6.1 Concept
6.1.1 30% Design
6.1.2 60% Design
6.1.3 90% Design
7 PD ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT METHODS
8 PERFORMING DESIGN SAFETY REVIEWS
9 PD CASE STUDY. 9.1 Case Study: Large Winery Operation
9.1.1 Concern #1 – Sulfur Dioxide
9.1.2 Concern #2 – Dimethyl Dicarbonate
9.1.3 Risk Analysis
9.1.4 Risk Evaluation
9.1.5 Risk Treatment Options
9.1.6 Risk Treatment Selected
9.1.7 Monitoring, Review, and Benefits of Risk Treatments
10 THE BUSINESS CASE
11 CONCLUSION
Bibliography
RISK COMMUNICATION
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Defining Risk
1.2 Communicating Risk
1.3 Emergency Response
2 EHS ROLES IN RISK COMMUNICATION
2.1 Industrial Hygiene
2.2 Occupational Safety
2.3 Environmental Analyst
2.4 Occupational Physician
2.5 EHS Generalist
3 MODELS AS RISK COMMUNICATION
3.1 Bow‐Tie Model
3.2 Multidisciplinary Bow‐Tie Model
4 CONTROL BANDING AS RISK COMMUNICATION
4.1 Traffic Light Approach
4.2 Risk Matrix Communication
4.3 Global EHS Perspective
4.4 Multidisciplinary Control Banding
5 MULTIDISCIPLINARY RISK COMMUNICATION
5.1 Risk Level Based Management System
5.2 The Construction Example
6 RISK COMMUNICATION WITH WORKERS
6.1 Participatory EHS and Risk Communication
6.2 Turning Risk Knowledge into Action
6.3 Risk Communication for EHS Results
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ONLINE RESOURCES
Bibliography
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE
1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Scope and Objectives
1.2 Basic Definitions
2 HISTORY OF RISK. 2.1 Risk Assessment – History and Evolution. 2.1.1 3200 BC – Decision‐Making Using Signs from the Gods
2.1.2 Fifth Century BC to the Middle Ages – Early Observations of the Environment and Its Effects
2.1.3 Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries – Occupational Hazards – Qualitative Observations
2.1.4 Early Twentieth Century to the 1970s – Setting Limits and “Safe” Levels – The Beginnings of Quantification
2.1.5 Latter Twentieth Century to the Present – A Focus on Carcinogens and the Beginning of Modern Risk Assessment
2.1.5.1 Evolution of Models and Tools
2.2 Road to Modern Risk Assessment
3 RISK ASSESSMENT. 3.1 Hazard Identification
3.2 Dose–Response Assessment
3.3 Exposure Assessment
3.4 Risk Characterization
3.5 Quantitative Health Risk Assessment – Strengths and Shortcomings. 3.5.1 Strengths
3.5.2 Weaknesses
3.6 Unitary Risk vs. Integrated Risk. 3.6.1 Types of Risk
3.6.2 Integrated Risk Assessment Design
3.6.3 Risk Management
3.6.4 Conclusion
3.7 Regulatory and Legal Drivers
3.7.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
3.7.2 Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) Agency and Other Acts of Congress
3.7.3 European Union Initiatives
3.8 Differences in Methodologies. 3.8.1 Background
3.8.2 Episodic and Cumulative Risk Scenarios
3.8.3 Summary
3.9 Application of Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) and Guidance. 3.9.1 Background
3.9.2 Discussion of the Application of an OEL
3.9.3 Discussion – Characterization and Development of OELs
3.9.4 Conclusion
3.10 AIHA Exposure Risk Model
3.10.1 Required Characterizations
3.10.2 AIHA Risk Assessment Strategy
3.10.3 Summary
3.11 Measuring for Effectiveness
3.11.1 Measuring Performance
3.11.2 Different Information Needs
3.11.3 Traditional Metrics
3.11.4 Hazard Metrics
3.11.5 Prospective Metrics
3.11.6 Reactive Metrics
3.11.7 Measuring Culture
3.11.8 Management Engagement
3.11.9 Performance Metrics
3.12 Integrating Risk Assessments into Cost–Benefit Analysis
3.12.1 Types of Risk Assessment
3.12.2 Safety Assessments
3.12.3 How Market Failure Relates to Risk
3.12.4 How Risk Assessment (RA) Components Relate to Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
3.12.5 Approaches to Life and Health Valuation
4 HAZARD AND EXPOSURE ANALYSIS. 4.1 Role of Epidemiology – From Association to Causation
4.1.1 Infectious Diseases
4.1.2 Chronic Disease
4.2 Common Analytical Methods and Tools. 4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Occupational Health
4.2.3 Other Health, Environmental, and Ecological Tools
4.3 Health Hazard Analysis. 4.3.1 Biomonitoring
4.3.2 Ecological Risk Assessment
4.3.3 Network Theory
4.4 Beyond Occupational Exposure Limits and Guidance – The Nonoccupational Arena
5 RISK PROFILING. 5.1 Background
5.2 Discussion
5.3 Summary
6 MANAGING RISK. 6.1 Insurance and Legal Implications
6.2 Economic Implications
6.3 Impact of Management Standards
7 REACTION TO RISK. 7.1 Physiological and Psychological Basis of Risk
8 RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
NOTE
DECISION MAKING IN MANAGING RISK
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DECISION SCIENCE
3 DEVELOPING A RICHER VOCABULARY
3.1 Judgment and Choice
3.2 Risk Domains and Frameworks
3.3 Risk Realms
3.4 Context, Framing, and Narrative
4 THE HUMAN OPERATING SYSTEM'S IN DECISION MAKING
4.1 A Two System Brain
4.2 Perception
4.3 Brain Function
4.4 Ethics
5 EVOLUTION IN RISK THINKING
5.1 The National Academy of Sciences and Governmental Organizations
5.2 Nongovernmental Organizations
5.3 Risk Transfer
5.4 Risk and Opportunity
6 DECISION‐MAKING CURRENCY
6.1 Inference Guidelines
6.2 Residual and Acceptable Risk
6.3 Uncertainty
7 STRUCTURED DECISION MAKING
8 ORGANIZATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS
8.1 Historical Background
8.2 Enterprise Risk Management
8.3 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Contributions
9 IMPROVING DECISION MAKING
9.1 Systems Thinking
9.2 Systems Thinking Iceberg
9.3 Deeper Levels
9.4 Broadening Perspective
9.5 Leading Change
9.6 Creating a New Narrative
10 THE ART AND SCIENCE OF DECISION MAKING
Endnotes
Bibliography
Further Reading
MANAGING WORKPLACE DEMOGRAPHICS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 WORKFORCE DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES. 2.1 Workforce Growth
2.2 Age Structure of the Workforce
2.3 Labor Force Participation and Labor Productivity
2.4 Generational Diversity
2.5 Gender Diversity
2.6 Racial and Ethnic Diversity
2.7 Diversity Management
3 ALTERNATIVE WORK ARRANGEMENTS
3.1 Types of Work Arrangements. 3.1.1 Standard Employment Relationship
3.1.2 Coemployment Arrangements
3.1.3 Contract Work Arrangements
3.1.4 Gig Work Arrangements
3.1.5 Prevalence of Nonstandard Work Arrangements
3.2 Management Use of Alternative Work Arrangements
3.2.1 Organizational Flexibility
3.2.2 Labor Cost Reduction
3.2.3 Institutional Factors
3.2.4 Concern about Collective Action
3.2.5 Technology and Mobile Communications Enablers
3.2.6 Worker Preferences
3.2.7 Capability of Labor Suppliers
3.3 Safety Management Issues in Alternative Work Arrangements
3.4 Worker Health and Alternative Work Arrangements
3.4.1 Injury
3.4.2 Illness
3.4.3 Mortality
3.4.4 Differential Health Risks
3.5 Research Needs
4 CONCLUSION
Endnotes
Bibliography
MASTERING DIGITAL MEDIA FOR WORKERS, EMPLOYERS, AND OUR COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE
1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 The Challenge
1.2 What is Digital Media?
1.3 What is Social Media?
1.4 What is Social Media Marketing?
1.5 The Communication Process Favors Digital Media
1.6 What do Public Audiences Expect?
2 THE AMPLIFYING SOCIAL EFFECT OF SMARTPHONES
3 SOCIAL MEDIA IS DISRUPTIVE
4 THE GLOBAL USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA
5 MOTIVATIONS FOR USING SOCIAL MEDIA
6 USING DIGITAL PLATFORMS TO SEARCH FOR HEALTH INFORMATION
7 GLOBAL USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BY ORGANIZATIONAL AUTHORITIES
8 THE THEORY AND USE OF THE SOCIAL MEDIA ENGAGEMENT “FUNNEL”
8.1 Awareness
8.2 Engagement
8.3 Conversion Metrics
9 THE SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS
9.1 Facebook
9.1.1 Facebook, a Key Source for News
9.2 Twitter
9.3 YouTube
9.4 Instagram
9.5 Pinterest
9.6 LinkedIn
9.7 Blogs
9.8 Wikipedia
9.8.1 Wikipedia and Health Care Information
9.8.2 Wikipedia's Security
9.8.3 Wikipedia – An Internet Heavyweight Driving Worldwide Search
10 THE PROMISING DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL MEDIA HEALTH APPLICATIONS (APPS)
10.1 Wearable Biosensors
10.2 The Promise of Digital Media for Health Care for Independent Workers in the Gig Economy
10.3 Digital Media Can Provide a Useful Health Upside to the Independent Worker
10.4 Assisting the Development and Use of Digital Media for the Independent Worker
10.5 Reporting Hazardous Conditions at Work
10.6 Many Channels‐Many Voices
10.7 Image, Branding Concerns, and Evil
10.8 The European Commission General Data Protection Regulation
11 CONCLUSION – PERILS AND PROMISE
Bibliography
General References
THE HISTORY AND BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR CHEMICAL AGENTS
1 HISTORY
1.1 1920–1950
1.2 1940–1970
1.3 1970–2020
2 DEFINITION OF THE ACGIH TLVs®
2.1 Intended Use of OELs
2.2 Philosophical Underpinnings of TLVs and Other OELs
2.3 Other Occupational Exposure Limits in the United States
2.4 Approaches Used to Set OELs
3 UNCERTAINTY FACTORS USED TO DERIVE OELs
3.1 Basis for Individual Uncertainty Factors
3.1.1 First Factor: Animal‐to‐Human Uncertainty Factor
3.1.2 LOAEL‐to‐NOAEL Uncertainty Factor (UFL)
3.1.3 Interindividual (Human) Variability Uncertainty Factor (UFH)
3.1.4 Shorter‐Term‐to‐Longer‐Term Uncertainty Factors (UFS)
3.1.5 Database Inadequacy (incomplete data) Uncertainty Factors (UFD)
3.1.6 The Composite Uncertainty Factor (UFC)
3.1.7 Modifying Factor (MF)
4 SETTING LIMITS FOR SYSTEMIC TOXICANTS
4.1 Setting OELs for Sensory Irritants
4.2 Setting OELs for Irritants Using Models
4.3 Setting Limits for Developmental Toxicants
4.4 Setting Limits for Reproductive Toxicants
4.5 Setting Limits for Neurotoxic Agents
4.6 Setting Limits for Esthetically Displeasing Agents and Odors
4.7 Setting Limits for Persistent Chemicals
4.8 Setting Limits for Respiratory Sensitizers
4.9 Setting Limits for Nanoparticles
4.10 Setting Limits for Chemical Carcinogens
4.11 Two Approaches for Calculating OELs for Carcinogens
4.12 Low‐Dose Cancer Models
4.13 Why Not 1 in 1 000 000 Risk?
4.14 Setting Limits for Mixtures
4.15 Dermal Hazard and TLVs
4.16 Dermal Exposure Limits
5 DO THE TLV PROTECT ENOUGH WORKERS?
6 CORPORATE OELs
7 MODELS FOR ADJUSTING OELs
7.1 Brief and Scala Model
7.2 Haber's Law Model
7.3 Pharmacokinetic Models
7.4 A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PB‐PK) Approach to Adjusting OELs
8 OELs OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
9 THE FUTURE OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
9.1 Globally Harmonized System
9.2 Control Banding and Occupational Exposure Banding
9.3 Biological Exposure Indices
9.4 Relationship of BEIs to TLVs
9.5 Occupational Exposure Limits in the Context of Chemical Registration Regulations
Bibliography
Further Reading
THE MODE OF ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND ELIMINATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PORTALS OF ENTRY AND ABSORPTION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS. 2.1 Exposure and Dose
2.2 Physical Properties of Toxicants
3 ENTRY INTO THE CELL. 3.1 Principles of Cell Membrane Transit. 3.1.1 Cell Membrane Structure
3.1.2 Importance of the Distinction Between Passive and Active Transport
3.1.3 Passive Transport
3.1.3.1 DETERMINANTS OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT
3.1.3.2 FILTRATION
3.1.4 Carrier‐mediated Modes of Transport. 3.1.4.1 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
3.1.4.2 FACILITATED OR EXCHANGE DIFFUSION
3.1.5 Special Transport Processes: Endocytosis
3.1.6 A General Overview of Membranes and Toxic Interactions
3.2 Penetration and Absorption Via the Respiratory Tract
3.2.1 Lung Structure and Function
3.2.2 Penetration and Absorption of Gases and Vapors into the Lungs
3.2.3 Absorption of Aerosols by the Lung
3.2.4 Particulate Penetration and Absorption in the Lung. 3.2.4.1 PRINCIPLES OF PARTICULATE MOVEMENT AND DEPOSITION IN THE LUNG
3.2.4.2 PHYSICAL PENETRATION OF THE ALVEOLAR WALL AND SOME BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
3.2.5 Clearance from the Respiratory Tract. 3.2.5.1 FROM THE NASOPHARYNX
3.2.5.2 FROM THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TRACT
3.2.5.3 CLEARANCE BY PHAGOCYTOSIS
3.2.5.4 TRANSPORT OF PARTICULATES IN THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
3.3 Gastrointestinal Absorption
3.3.1 Structure and Absorptive Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract
3.4 Absorption and Penetration Through the Skin
3.5 Penetration and Absorption Via Injection (Parenteral) Routes
4 TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF XENOBIOTICS. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Blood Elements and Their Transport of Xenobiotics. 4.2.1 Transport by Formed Elements
4.2.2 Transport of Xenobiotics in Plasma. 4.2.2.1 GENERAL
4.2.2.2 TRANSPORT BY PLASMA PROTEINS
4.2.2.3 TRANSPORT BY BLOOD ORGANIC ACIDS
5 TOXICANT DISTRIBUTION TO AND DEPOSITION IN ORGANS AND TISSUES. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 General Factors Affecting Distribution
5.3 Specific Structures Limiting Distribution. 5.3.1 The Blood–Brain Barrier
5.3.2 The Placental Barrier
5.4 Redistribution of Xenobiotics
5.5 Specific Body Compartments of Deposition and Accumulation. 5.5.1 Liver and Kidney
5.5.2 Deposition and Accumulation in Lipid‐rich Organs and Tissues
5.5.3 Deposition in Bone
6 METABOLIC TRANSFORMATION OF XENOBIOTICS
7 ELIMINATION AND EXCRETION OF XENOBIOTICS. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Kinetics of Elimination and Excretion
7.3 Specific Routes of Excretion. 7.3.1 The Kidney
7.3.2 Biliary Excretion
7.3.3 The Lungs as an Organ of Elimination
7.3.4 The Gastrointestinal Tract as an Organ of Excretion
7.3.5 Excretion Via Perspiration and Saliva
7.3.6 Excretion by Milk
Bibliography
SYMPTOMATIC RESPONSES TO LOW‐LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DEFINITION(S)
3 CASE EXAMPLES. 3.1 Case 1
3.2 Case 2
4 EPIDEMIOLOGY
5 RISK FACTORS AND COMORBIDITIES
6 NATURAL HISTORY
7 PATHOGENESIS
7.1 Olfactory Physiology
7.2 Neural Sensitization and Neurogenic Inflammation
7.3 Behavioral – Conditioning
7.4 Psychological
7.5 Immunological
8 CLINICAL EVALUATION
9 DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
10 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
11 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
11.1 Reducing Exposures
11.2 The Biopsychosocial Approach
11.2.1 Patient Education
12 CONCLUSION
Bibliography
BASIC AEROSOL SCIENCE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Units
2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AEROSOLS. 2.1 Particle Size
2.2 Shape
2.3 Surface Properties
3 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS
3.1 Mean and Median Diameter
3.2 Standard Deviation
3.3 Histograms
3.4 Log‐Normal Size Distribution
3.5 Log Probability Plot
3.6 Other Definitions of Means
3.7 Effect of Polydispersity on Aerosol Concentration
4 STOKES LAW AND NEWTON'S RESISTANCE LAW
4.1 Knudsen Number
4.2 Stokes Law
4.3 Reynolds Number
4.4 Cunningham Correction Factor
5 PARTICLE MOTION. 5.1 Terminal Settling Velocity
5.2 The Relaxation Time, τ
5.3 Stop Distance
5.4 Motion Outside of the Stokes Region
5.5 Ideal Stirred Settling
6 ISOKINETIC SAMPLING
7 IMPACTORS. 7.1 Theory
7.2 Impactor Operation
7.3 Particle Bounce
8 RESPIRABLE SAMPLING
9 BROWNIAN MOTION AND DIFFUSION
10 CONDENSATION AND EVAPORATION. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Homogeneous Nucleation
10.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation
10.4 Nucleation on Ions
10.5 Gas‐to‐Particle Conversion
10.6 Drying Times
11 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF AEROSOLS
11.1 Maximum Charge on an Aerosol Particle
11.2 Charge Equilibrium
11.3 Unipolar Charging. 11.3.1 Diffusion Charging
11.3.2 Field Charging
11.4 Aerosol Motion in an Electric Field
11.5 Efficiency of an Electrostatic Precipitator
12 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AEROSOLS
12.1 Extinction, Scattering, and Absorption
12.2 Contrast
12.3 Optical Properties: Angular Scattering
12.4 Optical Instruments
13 COAGULATION
13.1 Coagulation of Monodisperse Spherical Particles
13.2 Coagulation of Particles of Two Different Sizes
13.3 Coagulation of Many Sizes of Particles
13.4 The “Self‐Preserving” Size Distribution
13.5 External Factors in Coagulation
Bibliography
PULMONARY EFFECTS OF INHALED MINERAL DUSTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PULMONARY ANATOMY
2.1 Tracheobronchial Tree
2.2 Pulmonary Parenchyma and Interstitium
2.3 Pulmonary Vascular Bed
2.4 Pleural Surfaces
2.5 Respiratory Muscles
3 LUNG DEFENSES. 3.1 Cough
3.2 Mucociliary Escalator
3.3 Macrophages
4 PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY. 4.1 Ventilation
4.2 Diffusion
4.3 Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships
4.4 Stress of Exercise
5 ASSESSMENT OF THE LUNGS. 5.1 Lung Function Testing
5.2 Testing Standardization
5.2.1 Equipment Performance Criteria
5.2.2 Equipment Validation
5.2.3 Quality Control
5.2.4 Subject/Patient Maneuvers
5.2.5 Measurement Procedures
5.2.6 Acceptability
5.2.7 Reproducibility
5.2.8 Reference Value/Interpretation
5.2.9 Clinical Assessment
5.2.10 Quality Assessment and Feedback to Technician
5.2.11 Lung Volume Subdivisions
5.3 Spirometry
5.4 Bronchodilator Administration
5.5 Methacholine Bronchial Challenge Test
5.6 Lung Volume Measurement
5.7 Diffusing Capacity
5.8 Classification of Lung Function Abnormalities
5.9 Radiographic Examination
5.10 ILO Classification for Presence of Pneumoconiosis
6 INFLAMMATORY AND FIBROTIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG. 6.1 Particle Deposition
6.2 Cellular Response of Inflammation
7 MINERAL DUST‐INDUCED LUNG DISEASE. 7.1 Asbestos
7.1.1 Mineralogy of Asbestos
7.1.2 Production and Use of Asbestos
7.1.3 Occupational Exposures and Exposure Limits
7.1.4 Asbestos‐Related Respiratory Disease
7.1.5 Asbestos‐Related Pleural Disease
7.1.6 Asbestosis
7.1.7 Lung Cancer
7.1.8 Malignant Mesothelioma
7.1.9 Other Silicate Minerals
7.1.10 Silicates: Fibrous. 7.1.10.1 ATTAPULGITE AND SEPIOLITE
7.1.10.2 WOLLASTONITE
7.1.10.3 ZEOLITES
7.1.11 Minerals with the Potential for Fiber Contamination. 7.1.11.1 VERMICULITE
7.1.11.2 TALC
7.1.11.3 METAL ORE DEPOSITS
7.1.12 Nonfibrous Silicates. 7.1.12.1 BENTONITE
7.1.12.2 MICA
7.1.12.3 DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
7.1.12.4 KAOLIN
7.1.12.5 VOLCANIC ASH
7.1.12.6 FELDSPARS
7.2 Coal Dust
7.2.1 Exposure
7.2.2 Pathophysiology
7.2.3 Simple Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis
7.2.4 Progressive Massive Fibrosis
7.2.5 Obstructive Lung Disease
7.2.6 Diffuse Dust‐Related Fibrosis
7.3 Silica: Crystalline. 7.3.1 Exposure
7.3.2 Pathophysiology
7.3.3 Chronic Silicosis
7.3.4 Accelerated Silicosis
7.3.5 Acute Silicosis (or Silicoproteinosis)
7.3.6 Silicotuberculosis
7.3.7 Obstructive Lung Disease
7.3.8 Lung Cancer from Silica Dust
7.3.9 Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
7.3.10 Comparison of Silica Versus Coal Dust‐Induced Lung Disease
7.3.11 Health Surveillance
Bibliography
Further Reading
ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY. 2.1 Fundamentals
2.2 Complexity of Nanomaterials
2.2.1 Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials
2.2.2 Classification Schemes
3 HEALTH EFFECTS, SAFETY HAZARDS, AND REGULATION. 3.1 Health Effects. 3.1.1 Routes of Exposure
3.1.2 Toxicity
3.1.3 Epidemiology
3.2 Safety Hazards, Fires, and Explosions
3.3 Regulation
4 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE STRATEGY FOR ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
4.1 Anticipation and Recognition
4.1.1 Production of Engineered Nanomaterials
4.1.2 Incorporation of Nanomaterials into Products
4.1.3 Use of Engineered Nanomaterial‐Enabled Products
4.1.4 Nanomaterials in Waste Streams
4.1.5 Nanomaterials in Laboratories
4.1.6 Nanomedicine
4.2 Evaluation. 4.2.1 Monitoring
4.2.2 Medical Screening and Surveillance
4.3 Control
4.3.1 Elimination and Substitution
4.3.2 Isolation
4.3.3 Engineering Controls
4.3.4 Administrative Controls
4.3.5 Personal Protective Equipment
4.4 Overall Risk Management
5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
References
GASES AND VAPORS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1 INTRODUCTION
2 MAJOR IRRITANTS
2.1 Ozone (O3)
2.2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
2.3 Nitrogen Oxides: NO2 and NOx
2.4 Nitrous Acid (HONO)
2.5 Phosgene (COCl2)
2.6 Chlorine (Cl2)
Box 1 High‐level Irritants – Key Points
3 LESS IMMEDIATELY TOXIC IRRITANTS
Box 2 Less Immediately Toxic Irritants – Key Points
3.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
3.2 Ammonia (NH3)
3.3 Formaldehyde
4 ASPHYXIANTS
4.1 Oxygen‐Displacing Asphyxiants
4.2 Chemical Asphyxiants. 4.2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
4.2.2 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
5 WORK‐RELATED AIRWAY DISEASES
5.1 Low MW OA: Isocyanate‐Related Occupational Asthma
5.1.1 Primary Prevention – Exposure Control
5.1.2 Other LMW Agents Causing Occupational Asthma with Latency
5.2 High Molecular Weight (HMW) Occupational Asthma with Latency
5.3 Recognition and Management of Occupational Asthma with Latency. 5.3.1 Clinical Manifestations
5.3.2 Management and Prognosis of Occupational Asthma with Latency
5.3.3 Mechanism of Disease Development for Occupational Asthma with Latency
5.3.4 Surveillance for Early Detection
Box 3 Occupational Asthma with Latency – Key Points
6 OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA WITHOUT LATENCY: IRRITANT‐INDUCED ASTHMA/RADS
6.1 Recognition
6.2 Mechanism of Irritant‐Induced Asthma
Box 4 Irritant‐Induced Occupational Asthma (Without Latency) – Key Points
7 WORK‐EXACERBATED ASTHMA
8 GASES AND VAPORS CAUSING UPPER AIRWAY EFFECTS
8.1 Rhinitis Overview
8.2 Allergic Occupational Rhinitis
8.3 Irritant‐Induced Rhinitis/Reactive Upper‐Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (RUDS)
8.4 Laryngeal Diseases
Box 5 Upper Airway (Nasal and Laryngeal) Disorders – Key Points
9 IMMEDIATE IRRITANT RESPONSE
10 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE/CHRONIC AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION
Box 6 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – Key Points
11 BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS
11.1 Exposures
11.2 Mechanism
11.3 Diagnosis and Screening
11.4 Exposure Control
Box 7 Bronchiolitis Obliterans – Key Points
12 GASES AND VAPORS THAT ARE CARCINOGENS
12.1 Assessment of Carcinogenicity
12.2 Specific Agents. 12.2.1 Bis(chloromethyl) (BCME; CH2Cl)2O) and Chloromethyl Methyl Ether (CMME; CH3OCH2Cl)
12.2.2 Sulfur Mustard Gas
12.2.3 Nickel Carbonyl (Ni(CO)4)
12.2.4 Formaldehyde (CH2O)
12.2.5 Radon
12.2.6 Other Agents
Box 8 Carcinogens – Key Points
13 GASES CAUSING MASS CASUALTIES. 13.1 Mass Casualties
13.2 Natural Disasters
13.3 Industrial Accidents
13.4 Chemical Warfare Agents
13.4.1 Pulmonary Agents
13.4.2 Vesicants or Blister Agents
13.4.3 Nerve Agents
13.4.4 Incapacitating Agents
13.4.5 Riot Control Agents (Tear Gases)
13.4.6 Chemical Asphyxiants
14 SUMMARY
Bibliography
General Reference
DERMAL EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EPIDEMIOLOGY
3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKIN
4 CHEMICAL INDUCED DERMATOSES. 4.1 Contact Dermatitis
4.1.1 Irritant Contact Dermatitis. 4.1.1.1 CHEMICAL BURNS (ACUTE IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS)
4.1.1.2 MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL BURNS
4.1.1.3 IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS (CHRONIC)
4.1.1.4 TYPES OF IRRITANTS. 4.1.1.4.1 Acids
4.1.1.4.2 Alkalis
4.1.1.4.3 Alcohols
4.1.1.4.4 Solvents
4.1.1.4.5 Disinfectants
4.1.1.4.6 Detergents
4.1.1.4.7 Metals
4.1.1.4.8 Plastics
4.1.1.4.9 Water
4.1.1.4.10 Foods
4.1.2 Allergic Contact Dermatitis
4.1.2.1 PATCH TESTING
4.1.2.2 PHOTOALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS
4.1.3 Management of Occupational Contact Dermatitis
4.1.4 Prognosis in Contact Dermatitis
4.2 Contact Urticaria
4.3 Phototoxic Dermatitis
4.4 Skin Cancer
4.5 Pigmentary Disorders
4.6 Acne and Folliculitis
4.7 Chloracne
4.8 Acro‐osteolysis
5 SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF DERMAL EXPOSURE
6 APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS. 6.1 History and Examination
6.2 Clinical Investigations
7 ASSESSMENT OF DERMAL EXPOSURE
7.1 Exposure Sources
7.2 Exposure Scenario
7.3 Exposure Assessment Methods
7.3.1 Direct Methods
7.3.2 Indirect Methods
7.4 Percutaneous Absorption
7.5 Exposure Limits
8 PREVENTION
9 IMPLICATIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE
10 CONCLUSION
Bibliography
Further Reading
ANALYTICAL METHODS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
3 SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ANALYTICAL METHODS
3.1 Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry
3.2 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
3.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy
3.4 ICP‐Mass Spectrometry
3.5 X‐ray Diffraction
3.6 Infrared Spectrophotometry
3.7 Chromatography Methods
3.7.1 Gas Chromatography
3.7.2 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
3.7.3 Liquid Chromatography
3.7.4 Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
3.7.5 Ion Chromatography
3.8 Optical Microscopy
3.8.1 Phase‐Contrast Microscopy
3.8.2 Polarized Light Microscopy
3.9 Electron Microscopy
3.9.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy
3.9.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.10 Mold
3.11 Nanotechnology/Nanoparticles
3.12 Ion‐Selective Electrodes
3.13 Gravimetric Methods
3.14 Thermal Optical Analyzer for EC/OC
4 FUTURE TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CHEMISTRY
5 METHOD SELECTION
5.1 Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation
5.2 Interpretation of Sample Results
6 METHOD PERFORMANCE
6.1 Defining Method Performance
6.2 OSHA Method Validation Process
7 SAMPLING MEDIA TYPES
8 METHODS REQUIRING SPECIAL HANDLING
9 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Bibliography
Index
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