Оглавление
Группа авторов. Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Program Management and Specialty Areas of Practice
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Patty's Industrial Hygiene
Contributors
PREFACE
USEFUL EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Certification and MS Drivers
1.2 The “Systems Marketplace” and Nomenclature
2 SYSTEMS THINKING
3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
3.1 ISO and Standards Making
3.2 ISO's High‐Level Management System Structure (MSS)
4 FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS
4.1 Conformity Assessment
4.2 Risk‐Based Thinking
4.3 Risk and Opportunity
4.4 Process Focus
4.5 Industrial Hygiene Practice and OHSMSs
5 ISO 45001:2018
5.1 Scope (§1)
5.2 Terms and Definitions (§3)
5.3 Context of the Organization (§4)
5.4 Leadership and Worker Participation (§5)
5.4.1 Leadership and Commitment
5.4.2 Consultation and Participation of Workers
5.4.3 OH&S Policy
5.4.4 Organizational Roles, Responsibilities, and Authorities
5.5 Planning (§6)
5.5.1 Actions to Address Risks and Opportunities
5.5.2 Legal and Other Requirements
5.5.3 Planning Action
5.5.4 Objectives
5.6 Support (§7)
5.6.1 Resources
5.6.2 Competence
5.6.3 Awareness
5.6.4 Communication
5.6.5 Documented Information
5.7 Operation (§8)
5.7.1 Eliminating Hazards and Reducing OH&S Risks
5.7.2 Management of Change
5.7.3 Procurement
5.7.4 Emergency Preparedness and Response
5.8 Performance Evaluation (§9)
5.8.1 Monitoring, Measurement, Analysis, and Performance Evaluation
5.8.2 Evaluation of Compliance
5.8.3 Internal Audit
5.8.4 Management Review
5.9 Improvement (§10)
5.9.1 Incident, Nonconformity, and Corrective Action
5.9.2 Continual Improvement
6 PRE ISO 45001 APPROACHES
6.1 OHSAS 18001
6.2 International Labor Organization OHSMS
6.3 ANSI/ASSP Z10
6.4 OSHA Voluntary Protection Program
7 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 Support, Resources, Scope, and Selection
7.2 Condition the Culture
7.3 Characterize Existing Systems and Processes
7.4 Gap Analysis
7.5 Development
7.5.1 Support Team
7.6 Rollout
7.7 Evaluation and Continual Improvement
7.8 John Kotter's “Leading Change” Body‐of‐Work
8 AUDITING
8.1 Audit Types
8.1.1 First Party – Internal Audits
8.1.2 Second‐ and Third‐Party External Audits
8.1.3 Hybrid Approaches
8.2 Audit Scope and Goals
8.3 Preaudit preparation
8.4 On‐Site Activities. 8.4.1 Opening Meeting
8.4.2 During the Audit
8.4.3 Closing Meeting
8.5 Audit Report
8.6 Postaudit Actions
8.7 Use of Findings in Ongoing Improvement
9 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
9.1 Generative Fields – System‐Thinking Evolution
9.2 The Future‐Ready Company
Bibliography
General References
SUSTAINABILITY AND THE ROLE OF THE SAFETY AND HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABILITY
2.1 Recognition of the Problem
3 VOLUNTARY PUBLIC REPORTING STANDARDS THAT INCLUDE SAFETY AND HEALTH
4 SUSTAINABILITY ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD (SASB)
5 CENTER FOR SAFETY AND HEALTH SUSTAINABILITY (CSHS)
Definitions:
6 OTHER INITIATIVES AND DEVELOPMENTS IMPACTING SUSTAINABILITY
7 WORLD BUSINESS COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
7.1 Rating Agencies
8 MANDATED REPORTING ON CSR OR SUSTAINABILITY
9 CURRENT TRENDS IN SUSTAINABILITY AFFECTING SAFETY AND HEALTH
9.1 Human Capital
10 THE SAFETY AND HEALTH PROFESSIONAL IN SUSTAINABILITY
Bibliography
PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP: A VIABLE PRACTICE FOR THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENIST
1 OBJECTIVE
2 SCOPE
3 DEFINITIONS OF PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP
3.1 American Chemical Council (ACC) has a Definition Based on the Scope and Purpose of the Code
3.1.1 Chemical Industry Association of Canada (CIAC)
3.2 Specific Examples of Company Definitions
3.2.1 Sartomer
3.2.2 Linde
3.2.3 Brenntag (Chemical Distributor)
3.2.4 Bayer
3.2.5 Monsanto
3.2.6 British Columbia
3.2.7 New Zealand
3.2.7.1 Product Stewardship Institute
3.2.7.2 Product Stewardship Society
3.3 Fundamental Program Elements for Product Stewardship
3.4 Interdisciplinary/Organizational Issues
3.5 Regulatory Foundation for Product Stewardship
3.6 Hazard Communication
3.7 Hazard Assessment
3.8 Risk Management
3.9 Product Development
3.10 US EPA Chemical Data Reporting Rule
3.10.1 Exposure‐Related Information Required
3.11 European Chemical Control Regulations: Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals (REACHs)
3.12 Government‐Led Voluntary Efforts
3.12.1 Related EPA Program Examples
3.13 An Example of Occupational Hygiene Input to a Voluntary Product Stewardship Effort. 3.13.1 Background
3.13.2 Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP)
3.13.2.1 Alkane Example
3.13.2.2 The Solution
3.14 History of Product Stewardship
4 A DISCUSSION OF COMPETENCIES COMMONLY EXHIBITED IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS
4.1 Applicability of IH Competencies to PS Activities
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bibliography
Note
EMERGENCY AND DISASTER: PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, AND RECOVERY
1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Mandate for Change
1.2 Scope
1.3 Emergency/Disaster Life Cycle
1.4 Planned and Unplanned Events
1.5 Emergency or Disaster – Is There a Difference?
1.5.1 Similarities
1.5.2 Differences
1.6 Direct vs. Indirect Losses
2 REGULATORY ROLES – LOCAL, STATE, FEDERAL
2.1 Local Government
2.1.1 Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)
2.2 State Government
2.2.1 Governor's Role
2.2.2 Emergency Response Consultation Services
2.3 Federal Government
2.3.1 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) – Coordinating Agency
2.3.1.1 FEMA – Charter
2.3.2 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) 2.3.2.1 Organization and Charter
2.3.2.2 Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS)
2.3.2.3 National Response Plan (NRP) and Its Successor, the National Response Framework (NRF)
2.3.2.4 National Incident Management System (NIMS)
2.3.2.5 One Contingency Plan
2.3.3 Federal Standards
2.3.3.1 Applicable Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA Standards)
2.3.3.2 Applicable Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Standards
2.3.3.3 Department of Transportation (DOT)
2.3.3.4 US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
2.3.3.5 Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
2.4 International Consensus Standards – National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
3 INTEGRATED CONTINGENCY PLAN (ICP)
4 HAZARD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS
4.1 Elements of a Hazard Vulnerability Assessment
4.2 Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Models
4.2.1 Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Model # 1
4.2.2 Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Model # 2
4.2.3 Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Model # 3:
5 LEGAL LIABILITIES AND INCIDENT INVESTIGATION. 5.1 General – Investigating Incidents and Managing Legal Liabilities
5.1.1 The Incident Investigation Procedure
5.1.2 Initial Response
5.1.3 Subsequent Investigation
5.1.4 Resolution
5.1.5 Other Areas to Consider
5.2 Who Conducts the Investigation
5.2.1 Company Operational and Environmental, Health and Safety Personnel
5.2.2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
5.2.3 Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB)
5.2.4 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
5.2.5 The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
5.2.6 Company Attorneys
5.2.7 Insurance Company Representatives
5.2.8 District Attorneys, State Police, Local Law Enforcement Agencies, and Coroner
5.2.9 Personal Injury Lawyers and Experts
5.2.10 Public Interest Groups
5.2.11 Other Agencies
5.3 Managing the Investigation Process. 5.3.1 Appointment of an Investigation Team and Team Leader
5.3.2 Corporate Counsel
5.4 Defining the Investigation Scope and Firm's Level of Involvement. 5.4.1 Who Is in Charge?
5.4.2 Logistical (Legal) Issues
5.4.3 Guidelines for Regulatory Agency Inspections
5.4.4 Conducting the Investigation. 5.4.4.1 Secure the Scene and Assess Area Safety
5.4.4.2 Assess the Scene and Communicate
5.4.4.3 Identify, Collect, and Preserve Evidence
5.4.4.4 Identify and Interview Witnesses and Involved Personnel
5.4.4.5 Identify other Needed Evidence
5.4.4.6 Chain of Custody
5.4.5 Coordination of Site Visits and Inspections. 5.4.5.1 Coordination of Site Visits by Others
5.4.5.2 Coordination of Interviews by Others
5.4.5.3 Requests for Documents
5.4.5.4 Team Meetings
5.4.5.5 Management Briefings and Release of Information
5.4.5.6 Data Analysis and Report Writing
5.4.5.7 Coordination of Reports and Investigations
5.4.5.8 Request for Office Space
5.5 Developing a Path Forward
6 INSURANCE PROVISIONS
6.1 Main Lines of Insurance
6.1.1 Property Damage and Business Interruption
6.1.2 General Liability
6.1.3 Workers Compensation
6.1.4 Pollution Legal Liability
6.1.5 Cyber Risk
6.2 Having the Appropriate Coverage in Place
6.2.1 Insurance Policy Review
6.2.2 Claims Management
6.3 Additional Risk Management Considerations
6.3.1 Waste and Debris Management
6.3.2 Start‐Up, Rebuilding, or Property Disposition
7 SITUATION SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Natural Threats
7.1.1 Where Natural Threats Occur
7.1.2 Threat, Risk, and Vulnerability Assessments
7.2 Endemics, Epidemics, and Pandemics
7.2.1 Basic Definitions – Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic
7.2.2 Historical Epidemic and Pandemic Outbreaks
7.2.3 Pandemic Flu Guidance Documents
7.2.4 Pandemic Influenza
7.2.5 Groups at Risk from Viruses
7.2.6 Pandemic Stages
7.2.6.1 Interpandemic Period
7.2.6.2 Pandemic Alert Period
7.2.6.3 Pandemic Period
7.2.7 Pre‐Pandemic Preparedness
7.2.8 Response and Containment
7.2.9 International Health Regulations and Alliances
7.3 Accidents. 7.3.1 Chemical Spills. 7.3.1.1 Risk Assessment
7.3.1.2 Applicability of Regulations
7.3.1.3 Evaluation of Airborne Chemical Hazards During a Chemical Spill
7.3.1.4 Chemical Spill Response Training
7.3.1.5 Resources and Alliances
7.3.2 Industrial Accidents. 7.3.2.1 Scope
7.3.2.2 Regulations and Basic Emergency Medical Response Plan
7.3.3 Fire and Explosions. 7.3.3.1 Scope
7.3.3.2 Resources and Alliances
7.3.4 Radiological Materials Incidents. 7.3.4.1 Scope
7.3.4.2 Key Regulations
7.3.4.3 Risk Assessment
7.3.4.4 Resources and Alliances
7.4 Terrorism Incidents
7.4.1 Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
7.4.1.1 Chemical Agents
7.4.1.2 Biological Agents (Bioterrorism)
7.4.1.2.1 Regulations
7.4.1.2.2 Categories
7.4.1.3 Nuclear/Radiological Sources
7.4.1.4 Combined Hazards
7.4.1.5 WMD Planning Considerations. 7.4.1.5.1 Determining Potential Targets
7.4.1.5.2 Communications
7.4.1.5.3 Emergency Public Information
7.4.1.5.4 Protective Actions
7.4.1.5.5 Mass Care
7.4.1.5.6 Health and Medical
7.4.1.5.7 Resource Management
7.4.1.5.8 Recovery
7.4.1.5.9 Protective Clothing and Respirators
7.4.1.5.10 Malicious Attacks on Water and Wastewater Utilities
7.4.1.5.11 Food Safety
7.4.1.5.12 Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime
7.4.2 Infrastructure Attacks
7.4.3 Cyber Terrorism
7.4.4 Additional FEMA Considerations
7.4.5 Other Terrorism Hazards
7.5 Civil Unrest, Workplace Violence, and Strikes
7.5.1 Preparation for These Threats
7.6 Wildland Fires/Basics of Wildland Firefighting
7.6.1 Occupational Hazards Involved in Wildland Firefighting. 7.6.1.1 Safety Hazards
7.6.1.2 Health Hazards
7.6.2 Public Health Hazards
7.6.3 Other Occupational Hazards for Outdoor Workers Not Involved in Wildfire Management Activities
7.6.4 Evacuation
7.6.5 Recovery (Postfire) Hazards
7.6.6 Additional Online Resources
8 SPECIFIC SITE REQUIREMENTS. 8.1 Campus Settings – Schools
8.1.1 Emergency Management Systems
8.1.2 Challenges
8.1.3 Targeted School Violence
8.1.4 EMS Process
8.1.5 Campus EMS Leaders
8.1.6 EMS Teams
8.1.7 System Elements
8.1.8 Functional Elements
8.1.9 Administrative Elements
8.1.10 Resources and References
8.1.11 Human Resources
8.2 Building Environments. 8.2.1 Scope
8.2.2 Know Your Building
8.2.3 Recommendations
8.3 Health Care Facilities. 8.3.1 Health Care Facility Regulatory Requirements
8.3.1.1 Hospital Preparedness Program (HPP)
8.3.1.2 Health Care Coalitions
8.3.2 Hazard Vulnerability Analysis. 8.3.2.1 National Incident Management System (NIMS)
8.3.2.2 The Joint Commission
8.3.3 Hazard Vulnerability Assessment
8.3.4 Hospital‐Based First Receivers of Victims from Mass Casualty Incidents Involving Release of Hazardous Substances
8.3.5 Training. 8.3.5.1 Medical Response Personnel
8.3.5.2 Hospital Personnel
8.3.5.3 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Emergency Preparedness Rule
9 BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
9.1 EHS Professionals Role in BCMS
9.2 Business Continuity Process
9.3 Plan Development
10 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS' ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN EMERGENCY AND DISASTER PLANNING, RESPONSE AND RECOVERY
Bibliography
Note
HAZARDOUS WASTES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 REGULATORY AND LEGAL LIABILITIES
3 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
3.1.1 Definition of Hazardous Waste
3.1.1.1 Listed Wastes
3.1.1.2 Characteristic Wastes
3.1.1.3 Exclusions
3.1.2 Generator Requirements
3.1.3 Transporter Requirements
3.1.4 Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Requirements
3.2 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
3.3 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
3.4 Other Regulations
4 WASTE MANAGEMENT
4.1 Inventory
4.2 Characterization
4.2.1 Listed Wastes
4.2.2 Characteristics Criteria
4.2.2.1 Ignitability
4.2.2.2 Corrosivity
4.2.2.3 Reactivity
4.2.2.4 Toxicity
4.3 Treatment Storage and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
4.3.1 Treatment
4.3.2 Storage
4.3.3 Disposal
4.3.4 Waste Minimization
5 HEALTH AND SAFETY
5.1 Program Development
5.1.1 Written Safety and Health Program
5.1.2 Site Characterization
5.1.3 Air Monitoring
5.1.4 Engineering Controls and Work Practices
5.1.5 Personal Protective Equipment
5.1.6 Training
5.1.7 Medical Program
5.1.8 Site Control
6 SUMMARY
Bibliography
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ISSUES IN CONSTRUCTION
1 WHY CONSTRUCTION IS UNIQUE
2 FATAL INJURIES
2.1 Why Health Hazards Are Not Given as Much Emphasis as Safety Hazards
3 HEALTH HAZARDS OF CONSTRUCTION. 3.1 Hazard Recognition
3.2 Respiratory Hazards. 3.2.1 Silica
3.2.2 Asbestos in Construction – Legacy Exposures and Current Protections
3.2.3 Lead
3.2.4 Solvents
3.2.5 Isocyanates
3.3 Physical Hazards. 3.3.1 Temperature Extremes
3.3.2 Nonionizing Radiation
3.3.3 Noise
3.4 Ergonomics
3.4.1 Specific Risks in Construction
3.4.2 Absence of Regulation
3.4.3 Advances in Technical Solutions in Construction
4 UNIQUE ASPECTS OF MONITORING FOR AGENTS IN CONSTRUCTION. 4.1 Importance of Focusing on Task‐based Versus TWA Sampling
4.2 Intense Exposures and the Lack of STELs
5 CONTROLLING CONSTRUCTION HEALTH HAZARDS: ELIMINATION AND SUBSTITUTION. 5.1 Quick Review of Hierarchy of Controls
Case study
5.2 Importance of Involving Workers in All Levels of Decision‐Making
5.3 Prevention Through Design
6 CONTROLS: ENGINEERING
7 CONTROLS: ADMINISTRATIVE. 7.1 Importance of Consensus Standards
7.2 Review of Common Approaches to Managing for Excellence Found in OSHA's New Construction Program Guidance, VPP, I2P2, ISMS
7.3 Safety Culture and Safety Climate
7.4 Training Effectiveness as an Administrative Control
7.5 Building Information Modeling (BIM)
8 CONTROLS: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
8.1 Hearing Protection
8.2 Respirators in Construction
9 EMERGING ISSUES
9.1 Advanced Materials and Manufacturing
9.2 Wearable Technology
9.3 Robotics
Bibliography
AGRICULTURE HYGIENE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Agriculture as an Industry
1.2 Agriculture as a Way of Life
2 GENERAL HEALTH STATUS OF THE AGRICULTURAL WORKFORCE
3 ACUTE TRAUMA
4 PHYSICAL AGENTS (NOISE, THERMAL STRESS)
5 RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
5.1 Gaseous Hazards. 5.1.1 Anhydrous Ammonia. 5.1.1.1 Anticipation and Recognition
5.2 Evaluation and Control
5.3 Hydrogen Sulfide Anticipation and Recognition
5.4 Evaluation and Control
5.5 Silo Gas. 5.5.1 Anticipation and Recognition
5.6 Evaluation and Control
5.7 Minor Asphyxiating Gases in Agriculture
5.8 Inorganic Dusts. 5.8.1 Anticipation and Recognition
5.8.2 Evaluation and Control
5.9 Organic Dust. 5.9.1 Anticipation and Recognition
5.9.2 Evaluation and Control
5.10 Control of Organic Dusts
6 SKIN DISEASES OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
7 ZOONOTIC INFECTION HAZARDS OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
7.1 Anticipation and Recognition
7.2 Evaluation
7.3 Control
8 PESTICIDE AND OTHER CHEMICAL HAZARDS. 8.1 Anticipation and Recognition
8.2 Evaluation
8.3 Assessment of Pesticide Exposure Based on Task
8.4 Control
9 CANCER RISKS OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS. 9.1 Anticipation and Recognition
9.2 Evaluation
9.3 Control
10 AGRICULTURAL PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH HAZARDS
10.1 Biologicals. 10.1.1 Anticipation and Recognition
10.1.2 Evaluation and Control
10.2 Antibiotics. 10.2.1 Anticipation and Recognition
10.2.2 Evaluation and Control
10.3 Hormones
11 EMERGING HAZARDS
12 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Bibliography
HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY: CONTEMPORARY CONSIDERATIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE HEALTH CARE SETTING AS A WORKPLACE
3 TYPICAL HAZARDS ENCOUNTERED IN THE HEALTH CARE SETTING. 3.1 Ergonomic Hazards
3.2 Workplace Violence
3.3 Stress in Work Environment
3.4 Hazardous Chemical Exposures
3.5 Exposures to Biological Agents
3.6 Infectious Diseases in the Community
4 HIGHLY HAZARDOUS COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
5 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONSIDERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES
5.1 Energy Policy Act of 2005
5.2 PET/CT Safety Considerations
5.3 Future Considerations
6 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONSIDERATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE SETTING EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
6.1 Clear and Consistent Organizational Structure
6.2 Coordination with Other Agencies
6.3 Facility Access Restrictions, Screening, Decontamination, and Self‐Transport
6.4 Means for Crowd Control
6.5 Protection of Health Care Workers
6.6 Effective Communications to Manage Information Needs
6.7 Management and Disposal of Potentially Hazardous Wastes
7 SUMMARY
Bibliography
AIR POLLUTION
1 INTRODUCTION
2 CARBON MONOXIDE. 2.1 Nature and Sources
2.2 Trends in Carbon Monoxide Levels
2.3 Health Effects. 2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Symptoms of Exposure to CO
2.3.3 Cardiovascular Effects
2.3.4 Central Nervous System and Behavioral Effects
2.3.5 Developmental Toxicity
3 LEAD. 3.1 Nature and Sources
3.2 Trends in Lead Levels
3.3 Health Effects
3.3.1 Effects of Pb on the Nervous System
3.3.2 Effects of Pb on the Immune System
3.3.3 Effects of Pb on the Cardiovascular and Renal Systems
3.3.4 Effects of Pb on Other Organ Systems
4 OZONE. 4.1 Nature and Sources
4.2 Trends in Ozone Levels
4.3 Health Effects
4.3.1 Respiratory Effects of Short‐term O3 Exposures
4.3.2 Airway Responsiveness
4.3.3 Cardiovascular Effects of Short‐term O3 Exposures
4.3.4 Mortality and Short‐term O3 Exposures
4.3.5 Respiratory Effects of Long‐term O3 Exposures
4.3.6 Vulnerability and Susceptibility to Ozone
5 NITROGEN OXIDES. 5.1 Nature and Sources
5.2 Trends in Nitrogen Oxide Levels
5.3 Health Effects. 5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Alterations in Host Defense Mechanisms
5.3.3 Effects on Humoral and Cell‐mediated Immunity
5.3.4 Effects on Pathogenic Resistance
5.3.5 Effects on Lung Function and Airway Reactivity
5.4 Potential Mechanisms of NO2‐induced Toxicity
6 SULFUR DIOXIDE. 6.1 Nature and Sources
6.2 Trends in Sulfur Dioxide Levels
6.3 Health Effects
6.3.1 Morbidity Effects from Short‐term Exposure to SO2
6.3.2 Mortality Associated with Short‐term Exposure to SO2
7 PARTICULATE MATTER. 7.1 Nature and Sources
7.2 Trends in PM Levels
7.3 Health Effects
7.3.1 Dosimetry
7.3.2 Short‐term Exposure to PM
7.3.3 Long‐term Exposure to PM
7.3.4 Fetal and Infant Development/Mortality
7.4 Mechanisms
7.4.1 Effects on the Cardiovascular System
7.4.2 Effects on the Respiratory System
7.4.3 Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Effects
7.4.4 Oxidative Stress Effects
7.5 Effects Associated with Sources and Components of PM
8 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICTS
8.1 Nonattainment areas
8.2 Attainment areas
8.3 Air Dispersion Modeling
9 SETTING AIR EMISSION LIMITS
ENDNOTE
Bibliography
HEALTH AND SAFETY FACTORS IN DESIGNING AN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE LABORATORY
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Nature and Scope of the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory
1.2 Laboratory Accidents
2 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 Design Elements. 2.1.1 Location
2.1.2 Aesthetics and Environment
2.2 Health and Safety Considerations
2.2.1 Regulations
2.2.2 Ventilation
2.2.3 Egress and People with Special Needs Access
2.2.4 Emergency Facilities
2.2.5 Laboratory Furnishings
2.2.6 Laboratory Features
3 FACILITY DESIGN. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Space Planning
3.2.1 Space and Room Size Planning
3.2.2 Physical Layout
3.2.3 Expansion Planning
3.3 Laboratory Planning
3.3.1 Bench Layout
3.3.2 Instrument Layout
3.4 Services
3.4.1 Distribution Schemes
3.4.2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
3.4.3 Fume Hoods
3.4.4 Electrical
3.4.5 Plumbing
3.4.6 Compressed Gas System
4 CONSTRUCTION. 4.1 The Construction Team
4.2 Review of Final Blueprints
4.3 Communication During Construction
4.4 Building Checklist
5 SAFETY DESIGN AND PLANNING. 5.1 Chemical Storage
5.1.1 Chemical Storeroom Design
5.2 Disposal of Waste
5.2.1 Regulations
5.2.2 Hazardous Waste Management System
5.2.3 Waste Management Options
5.2.4 Sources of Information on Chemical Waste Disposal
5.3 Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations
5.4 Fire Extinguishers and Fire Suppression Systems
5.5 First‐aid Planning
5.6 Emergency Evacuation Design
5.7 Facilities Maintenance. 5.7.1 Housekeeping
5.7.2 Equipment Maintenance
5.7.3 Security
Bibliography
General References
FIRE SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
1 BACKGROUND. 1.1 Fire Loss in the Workplace
1.2 Fire Protection Defined
2 GOALS AND STRATEGIES OF FIRE PROTECTION. 2.1 Goals
2.2 Strategies
2.3 Introduction to NFPA 550, Fire Safety Concepts Tree
3 FIRE PROTECTION CODES, STANDARDS, AND REGULATIONS. 3.1 Background
3.2 NFPA Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices
3.3 International Code Council® Codes
3.4 OSHA Regulations
4 PERFORMANCE‐BASED APPROACHES TO FIRE SAFETY. 4.1 Prescriptive and Performance Codes
4.2 Performance‐Based Design Process
4.3 Design Fire Scenarios
4.4 Performance Objectives and Design Criteria
4.5 Occupational Safety Involvement in the Performance‐Based Design Process
4.6 Information Resources
5 FIRE SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS. 5.1 Basic Fire Dynamics
5.1.1 Ignition
5.1.2 Heat Release Rate
5.1.3 Free Burning/Burning in the Open
5.1.4 Fire Confined by a Ceiling
5.1.5 Fire in a Compartment: Flashover and Full Room Involvement
5.2 Combustion Products
5.2.1 Product Variation from Fire‐to‐Fire
5.2.2 Recommendations
5.2.3 Additional Information
6 FEATURES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
6.1 Types of Building Construction
6.2 Compartmentation
6.3 Fire Endurance and Fire Endurance Ratings
6.4 Fire Protection Systems
7 KEY FIRE SAFETY PRACTICES
7.1 Fire Drills
7.2 Housekeeping Practices for Fire Safety
7.3 Cutting, Welding, and Other Hot Work
8 EMPLOYEE RESPONSE TO EMERGENCIES
8.1 Management Role
8.2 Employee Fire Safety Training
8.2.1 Training Requirements and Guidance from NFPA 1
8.2.2 OSHA Required Training
8.3 Industrial Fire Brigades
9 EMERGING ISSUE: LITHIUM‐ION BATTERIES (LIB)
9.1 Fire Safety Issues Involving Lithium Batteries in the Workplace
9.2 Recommended Employee Actions Involving Lithium Batteries
10 SUMMARY
Bibliography
General References
Note
ADVANCING THE WELL‐BEING OF WORKERS: AN INTRODUCTION TO TOTAL WORKER HEALTH® APPROACHES
1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Total Worker Health® Defined
1.2 History of TWH
1.3 Scientific Evidence‐based Rationale
2 ISSUES RELEVANT TO ADVANCING WORKER WELL‐BEING
2.1 Control of Hazards and Exposures
2.2 Organization of Work
2.3 Built Environment Supports
2.4 Leadership
2.5 Compensation and Benefits
2.6 Community Supports
2.7 Changing Workforce Demographics
2.8 Policy Issues
2.9 New Employment Patterns
3 TWH AND THE DAILY PRACTICE OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
4 A NEW LOOK AT THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
5 EXPLORING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TWH
5.1 Demonstrate Leadership Commitment
5.2 Eliminate Hazards and Promote Well‐being
5.3 Engage Workers in Program Design and Delivery
5.4 Ensure Confidentiality and Privacy
5.5 Integrate Systems Effectively
6 IMPLEMENTING TWH
6.1 A Case Example
6.2 TWH Promising Practices Resources
6.3 Select TWH Strategies and Workplace Interventions for Emerging Health Conditions. 6.3.1 Intervening for Inadequate and Poor‐quality Sleep
6.3.2 Addressing the Opioid Crisis in Workers
6.3.3 Mindfulness and Worker Well‐being
7 MAKING THE BUSINESS CASE FOR TWH
8 EXPANDING TRADITIONAL WORKPLACE HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMS
9 TWH GOALS FOR THE NATION
10 CONCLUSION
Bibliography
HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES OF NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 MICRO GRIDS
3 RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
3.1 Wind Power
3.2 Solar Electric
3.3 Issues Associated with Renewable Energy Sites
4 FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN
5 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
5.1 Lead‐Acid Batteries
5.2 Lithium‐ion Batteries
5.3 Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
6 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Bibliography
Additional Reading
CANNABIS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PRODUCTION AND USES
2.1 Classification
2.2 Uses
2.2.1 Recreational Drug
2.2.2 Medicinal Use
2.2.3 Pharmaceutical Drug
2.2.4 Nutritional Supplements
2.2.5 Fiber Hemp
2.2.6 Industrial Fluids
2.2.7 Essential Oil
2.3 Production
2.3.1 Cultivation
2.3.2 Harvesting
2.3.3 Processing
2.3.4 Distribution
3 RECOGNITION OF HAZARDS
3.1 Chemical and Physical Properties
3.1.1 Delta‐9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol
3.1.2 Delta‐9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol Metabolites
3.1.3 Cannabidiol
3.2 Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics
3.2.1 Absorption
3.2.2 Distribution
3.2.3 Metabolism
3.2.4 Elimination
3.3 Pharmacodynamics and Toxicodynamics
3.3.1 Mechanism of Action
3.3.2 Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects
3.3.3 Health Effects Associated with Chronic Use
3.3.4 Lethal Dose
3.4 Occupational Exposure Limits
3.5 Workplace Hazards. 3.5.1 Cultivation and Harvesting
3.5.2 Processing Dried Products
3.5.3 Processing Extracts
3.5.4 Processing Infusions
3.5.5 Testing Laboratories
3.5.6 Distribution
3.5.7 Use by Workers
3.5.8 Law Enforcement
4 EVALUATION OF EXPOSURES
4.1 Biological Hazards. 4.1.1 Mold
4.1.2 Sensitizers and Allergens
4.2 Chemical Hazards
4.2.1 Cannabinoids
4.2.2 Carbon Dioxide
4.2.3 Carbon Monoxide
4.2.4 Extraction Solvents
4.2.5 Pesticides
4.3 Physical Hazards
4.3.1 Ergonomics
4.3.2 Heat Stress
4.3.3 Noise
4.3.4 UV Light
5 CONTROL OF HAZARDS
5.1 Engineering Controls
5.1.1 Heating and Ventilation for Indoor Grow Operations
5.1.2 Local Exhaust Ventilation
5.1.3 Water and Humidity
5.2 Administrative Controls
5.2.1 Good Manufacturing Practices
5.2.2 Good Laboratory Practices
5.2.3 Hazard Communication and Chemical Hygiene Plan
5.2.4 Integrated Pest Management
5.2.5 Water and Relative Humidity
5.3 Personal Protective Equipment
5.3.1 Eye Protection
5.3.2 Hand and Skin Protection
5.3.3 Hearing Protection
5.3.4 Respiratory Protection
Bibliography
INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN NONINDUSTRIAL OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
HISTORY
1.1 Building‐Related Symptoms and Building‐Related Illness
1.2 Buildings, Pollutants, and Definitions
2 INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
2.1 Microbials
2.1.1 Fungi
2.1.2 Fungal Products in Buildings
2.1.3 Bacteria
2.1.4 Allergens
2.1.5 Some Specific Health Effects
2.1.6 Sampling and Data Interpretation
2.2 Volatile Organic Compounds, Formaldehyde, Phthalates, and Ozone
2.2.1 Volatile Organic Compounds and Formaldehyde
2.2.2 Semivolatile Organic Compounds and Emission Testing
2.2.3 Ozone and Volatile Organic Compounds
2.3 Pesticides
2.4 Combustion By‐Products
2.5 Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Electronic Cigarettes
2.6 Radon
2.7 Particulate Matter
2.8 Three‐Dimensional Printing
3 VARIED APPROACHES TO IAQ STUDIES
3.1 Early North American Studies
3.2 Early European Studies
3.3 US EPA Studies
3.4 Perceived Air Quality
3.5 Crisis Buildings and Mass Psychogenic Illness
3.6 Economic Issues and Productivity
3.7 Developing Countries
3.8 Cleaning to Remove Dirt, Dust, and Airborne Particulate
4 VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN NONINDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
4.1 General Description of an HVAC System
4.2 ASHRAE Standard 62
4.2.1 ASHRAE 62.1
4.2.2 ASHRAE 62.2
4.3 Pollutant Sources in HVAC Systems
4.4 Thermal Environmental Conditions
5 IAQ EVALUATION PROTOCOLS AND GUIDELINES
5.1 Initial Qualitative Investigation: General Principles
5.2 In‐Depth Quantitative Studies
5.3 General Guidelines and Typical Conditions
5.3.1 Canadian Guides
5.3.2 EPA Guides
6 PRACTICAL EVALUATION AND CONTROL OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
6.1 Communications
6.2 Microbials and Dampness
6.3 Volatile Organic Compounds and Aldehydes
6.4 Other Indoor Pollutants
6.5 Thermal Environmental Conditions
6.6 HVAC Systems
6.7 Case Studies. 6.7.1 Case Study 5: Mold in Interior Closets in Single Family Houses in a Hot‐Humid Climate
6.7.2 Case Study 2: Musty Odor Investigation
6.7.3 Case Study 3: Upper Respiratory Irritation
6.7.4 Case Study 4: Allergic Reactions
6.8 Quick Reference Guide for Testing and Sampling Methods
Bibliography
Index
CUMULATIVE INDEX
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