Читать книгу The Political Economy of the BRICS Countries - Группа авторов - Страница 97

When we look at a disaggregated level and especially on mobile money, the picture is even starker and widely uneven across these countries. More specifically, over 80% of individuals in South Africa used ATM for transactions purposes and well over 50% had a debit card (Table 2). In contrast, these figures were substantially smaller for India. In Russia, close to 20% of individuals used mobile phone/internet for transactions; this number is a mere 1% for India. Overall, the evidence highlights the fact that the wide divergence in the use of finance is, to a large extent, the outcome of the low use of mobile technology.

When we look at access to technology for financial inclusion, we find that, as of 2014, there were only nine ATMs per 100,000 adult population in India, against 59 in South Africa, and over 150 in Russia. Similarly, only 2% of individuals aged 15 years and above had made payments through electronic means against approximately 7% in China (Figure 2).

In terms of remittances send by mobile phones, Kenya has a leading position. In 2017, 63% of its adult population had used mobile phones to send money vis-à-vis 1% in India. Similarly, only 1% of the rural population in India had directly received public sector wages into their accounts in the past 1 year, against 8% in Brazil and nearly 11% in Russia (Figure 3).

Table 2:Disaggregated indicators of financial inclusion for BRICS.

Note: *The 2017 Global Findex database defines account ownership as having an individual or jointly owned account either at a financial institution or through a mobile money provider.

Figure 2:Use of technology in financial inclusion.