Читать книгу Multifunctional Antennas and Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems - Группа авторов - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The importance of antenna in a wireless communication system.Figure 1.2 Some antenna types generated through Antenna Design Kit in Ansys ...Figure 1.3 Antenna performance shown using (a) reflection coefficient magnit...Figure 1.4 (a) Top view photograph of a frequency tunable concentric circula...Figure 1.5 (a) Geometry of the proposed reconfigurable PIFA radiating elemen...Figure 1.6 Surface current distribution for (a) 780 MHz in lower frequency b...Figure 1.7 Comparison of the simulated (solid lines) and measured (dash line...Figure 1.8 The simulated (solid lines) and measured (dash lines) total anten...Figure 1.9 Simulated (a, c, e, g) and measured (b, d, f, h) near‐omnidirecti...Figure 1.10 Simulated (a, c, e, g) and measured (b, d, f, h) near‐omnidirect...Figure 1.11 Antenna geometry with varactor diode and biasing network.Figure 1.12 Design parameters for the low (right) and high bands (left).Figure 1.13 Surface current distribution with capacitance of 1.6 pF: (a) 810...Figure 1.14 Photograph of the fabricated single‐feed dual band antenna: (a) ...Figure 1.15 Vector network analyzer (VNA) can be used for measurement of the...Figure 1.16 Antenna testing in anechoic chamber at the Antenna and Microwave...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Top and bottom views of the frequency reconfigurable Spirogra...Figure 2.2 Ansys HFSS model of the SPMA frequency reconfigurable antenna: (a...Figure 2.3 Surface current distribution for (a) Case 1 at 2.3 GHz; (b) Case ...Figure 2.4 Comparison of measured and simulated VSWR for the frequency‐recon...Figure 2.5 (Left column): Comparison of simulated and measured co‐pol and cr...Figure 2.6 (Right column): Comparison of simulated and measured co‐pol and c...Figure 2.7 (a) Geometry of the frequency reconfigurable loop antenna with a ...Figure 2.8 Measured reflection coefficients of the frequency reconfigurable ...Figure 2.9 The antenna geometry for frequency and polarization reconfigurabi...Figure 2.10 Simulated and measured S₁₁ versus frequency of the printed monop...Figure 2.11 Measured and simulated radiation patterns in the linear polariza...Figure 2.12 Varactor‐tuned microstrip patch antenna: (a) antenna geometry wi...Figure 2.13 Vector current distributions on the proposed antenna at (a) 1.42...Figure 2.14 The geometry of the concentric circular microstrip patch antenna...Figure 2.15 (a) Fabricated antenna with feed ports, varactor diodes, and bia...Figure 2.16 Measured S‐parameters (S₁₁ and S₂₂) controlled through feed netw...Figure 2.17 Simulation results for the effect of varactor resistance (R) on ...Figure 2.18 (a) Model of a MEMS bridge over a slot and its scattering parame...Figure 2.19 Photograph of the fabricated MEMS bridge over a slot for frequen...Figure 2.20 Test setup. (a) FSS unit cell under test, (b) FSS unit cell on t...Figure 2.21 (a) Geometry of the multiband optically controlled reconfigurabl...Figure 2.22 Optically controlled reconfigurable slotted waveguide array refl...Figure 2.23 MEMS‐controlled microstrip patch antenna and its frequency respo...Figure 2.24 Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with aluminum showing the d...Figure 2.25 Prototype of LCE frequency‐reconfigurable antenna at different t...Figure 2.26 S₁₁ vs. frequency of the LCE frequency‐reconfigurable antenna ob...Figure 2.27 Topology of the patch antenna using a graphene‐stack‐defined bac...Figure 2.28 Reflection coefficient magnitudes of the patch antenna backed by...Figure 2.29 Liquid‐metal pixelated dipole prototype.Figure 2.30 (a) Layout of the bottom side of the dipole pixel with an actuat...Figure 2.31 CAD illustration of the mechanically reconfigurable dual‐band an...Figure 2.32 Photograph of the mechanically reconfigurable dual‐band slot ant...Figure 2.33 Measured (dashed) and simulated (solid) reflection coefficient (...Figure 2.34 Prototype of the Nojima square CSA at (a) unfolded state and (b)...Figure 2.35 (a) Simulated and measured S₁₁ of the Nojima square CSA at the u...Figure 2.36 (Top) Configuration of the frequency reconfigurable wideband fra...Figure 2.37 S₁₁ of the fractal‐shaped slot‐ring antenna in the S‐band operat...Figure 2.38 Photos of the fabricated reconfigurable dual‐polarized wideband ...Figure 2.39 Simulated and measured (a) S₁₁ and (b) S₄₄ of the reconfigurable...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Different layers of meta‐surface reconfigurable slot antenna [1]:...Figure 3.2 Cavity‐backed slot antenna controlled by PIN diodes.Figure 3.3 (a) Unit cells used on each wall and the PIN diode equivalent cir...Figure 3.4 (a) The hexagonal reconfigurable antenna structure and (b) photog...Figure 3.5 Equivalent circuit model of the lumped components and PIN diode....Figure 3.6 Switch configuration for four different modes of operation, “0” m...Figure 3.7 Realized gain patterns at 5 GHz: (a) omnidirectional patterns at ...Figure 3.8 (a) Reconfigurable Yagi antenna, (b) reconfigurable balun, (c) fa...Figure 3.9 Simulated and measured E‐plane normalized radiation patterns at 5...Figure 3.10 MEMS‐based parasitic antenna: (a) photograph of the antenna with...Figure 3.11 Simulated (solid) and measured (dashed) radiation patterns at 5....Figure 3.12 (a) Planar monopole antenna with directors, (b) planar loop with...Figure 3.13 Simulated and measured gain patterns of the antennas (this page:...Figure 3.14 (a) Geometry of the reconfigurable planar Yagi‐Uda antenna, incl...Figure 3.15 Modes of operation of the proposed Yagi‐Uda planar antenna when ...Figure 3.16 Simulated normalized radiation patterns at 1.45, 1.50, and 1.56 ...Figure 3.17 Measured normalized radiation patterns at 1.45, 1.50, and 1.56 G...Figure 3.18 The proposed reconfigurable antenna with two photo‐conductive sw...Figure 3.19 Measured and simulated E‐plane radiation patterns for the photo‐...Figure 3.20 Measured and simulated E‐plane radiation patterns the photo‐acti...Figure 3.21 (a) Geometry of two dipole antenna and (b) sectorial design of t...Figure 3.22 The radiation pattern of three‐sector antenna in sectorial mode ...Figure 3.23 The radiation pattern of the antenna in omnidirectional mode at ...Figure 3.24 Configuration of array antenna: (a) top view and (b) side view....Figure 3.25 Fabricated antenna: (a) patch and (b) feed network.Figure 3.26 Decomposition of the CPs and recombination of LPs: (a) LHCP and ...Figure 3.27 Radiation patterns: (a) LHCP and (b) RHCP.Figure 3.28 (a) Side view of reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna and...Figure 3.29 Far‐field radiation patterns in H‐plane at 9.53 GHz (dotted line...Figure 3.30 Simulated H‐plane due to different phases applied.Figure 3.31 (a) Accordion shape antenna, the height is changed by folding th...Figure 3.32 (a) Creased paper and (b) folding the creased paper.Figure 3.33 Magic cube antenna: (a) folded state, (b) unfolded state, (c) fa...Figure 3.34 Push–pull origami antenna: (a) folded state, single antenna; (b)...Figure 3.35 Simulated and measured normalized radiation pattern for (a) sing...Figure 3.36 (a) Flat configuration of the cube, shown where the hinges are p...Figure 3.37 Measured and simulated realized gain of ink‐jet printed single‐p...Figure 3.38 Inkjet‐printed patch antenna on unfolded 3D‐printed cube and (b)...Figure 3.39 (a) Origami cube antenna in the unfolded and folded states and (...Figure 3.40 (a) Measured and simulated reflection coefficients and (b) measu...Figure 3.41 (a) Geometry of dipole array considered for optimization and (b)...Figure 3.42 A sample chromosome for binary GA to optimize switch configurati...Figure 3.43 Example of two beams generated for a 30‐element array of dipole....Figure 3.44 RECAP configuration with metallic patches and switches.Figure 3.45 RECAP antenna in a monopole arrangement: (a) a broadband bidirec...Figure 3.46 Simulated and measured radiation patterns of (a) broadband bidir...Figure 3.47 RECAP switch arrangements of (a) narrow‐band broadside design, (...Figure 3.48 RECAP radiation patterns for (a) narrow‐band broadside design, (...Figure 3.49 Schematic drawing showing the arrangement of photodetector, patc...Figure 3.50 Circuit diagram for the FET‐based electronic switch: PD, photode...Figure 3.51 Antenna structure: (a) top view, (b) bottom view, and (c) side v...Figure 3.52 (a) Fabricated antenna, (b) skin‐mimicking model, and (c) fabric...Figure 3.53 3D simulated radiation patterns at states: (a) S1, (b) S0, (c) S...Figure 3.54 Antenna geometry. Dimensions in mm are: a = 12.8, b = 18.5, c = ...Figure 3.55 (a)–(c) Fabricated antennas and (d) testing on a hand phantom of...Figure 3.56 (a) Simulated and (b) measured radiation patterns for the two ca...Figure 3.57 Wearable textile reconfigurable antenna. Dimensions are in mm, v...Figure 3.58 Prototypes of (a) antenna with connected vias (patch mode) and (...Figure 3.59 Measured and simulated radiation patterns: (a) monopole mode in ...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 A single‐pole double‐throw (SPDT) RF switch is conceptually simpl...Figure 4.2 The geometry and circuit symbol of a PIN diode.Figure 4.3 Schematic circuit model of a PIN diode in forward and reverse bia...Figure 4.4 A typical bias circuitry used with PIN diodes.Figure 4.5 Geometry of a patch antenna with RHCP/LHCP polarization reconfigu...Figure 4.6 Geometry of the corner‐truncated square microstrip patch antenna ...Figure 4.7 Reflection coefficient magnitudes for different states of diodes....Figure 4.8 Switching states of the reconfigurable E‐shaped patch antenna: (a...Figure 4.9 Geometry of a single‐feed reconfigurable E‐shaped patch antenna w...Figure 4.10 A photo of a fabricated polarization reconfigurable E‐shaped pat...Figure 4.11 Geometry of the reconfigurable quadri‐polarization diversity mic...Figure 4.12 Radiation patterns measured at 2450 MHz for the example antenna ...Figure 4.13 Radiation patterns measured at 2450 MHz for the example antenna ...Figure 4.14 Measured gain variations against frequency for the example anten...Figure 4.15 Geometry of the proposed design in [12] with conical pattern and...Figure 4.16 (a) Demonstration of reconfigurable polarizations realization by...Figure 4.17 A “Hinged” relay most common structure.Figure 4.18 A mechanical latching relay (bistable relay) structure and mecha...Figure 4.19 Schematic of the proposed reconfigurable pixel‐patch antenna arc...Figure 4.20 Reconfigurable pixel‐patch antenna schematics for (a) linear X‐p...Figure 4.21 Reconfigurable pixel‐patch antenna schematics for (a) RHCP and (...Figure 4.22 Geometry of the K‐band polarization reconfigurable antenna integ...Figure 4.23 Configuration of broadband quad‐polarization reconfigurable ante...Figure 4.24 Feeding network with biasing circuit for quad‐polarization recon...Figure 4.25 A polarization feed network (PFN) to control the ports’ excitati...Figure 4.26 Magnitude of the surface current distribution for the different ...Figure 4.27 Multi‐polarization reconfigurable circular patch antenna with ei...Figure 4.28 Arrangement of the PIN diode switches.Figure 4.29 Photographs of the fabricated quad polarization reconfigurable a...Figure 4.30 Topological structure of the proposed wideband polarization reco...Figure 4.31 Assembly and geometries of the metasurfaced polarization reconfi...Figure 4.32 (a) E‐fields on a unit cell with diagonal corner truncated at θ_rFigure 4.33 Configuration of cross slot metasurfaced polarization reconfigur...Figure 4.34 Schematic of the active metasurface and enlarged unit cell.Figure 4.35 Photograph of the horn antenna with the proposed active polariza...Figure 4.36 Geometry of the reconfigurable microstrip antenna with switchabl...Figure 4.37 Geometry of the antenna with dual polarization capability consis...Figure 4.38 Crossed patches with a SIFN for polarization reconfiguration pur...Figure 4.39 Eight RF PIN diodes used to create a polarization reconfigurable...Figure 4.40 Reconfigurable Archimedean spiral antenna using water.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Microfluidically reconfigured wideband frequency‐tunable antenna....Figure 5.2 Various micro‐fluidic channel width testing with liquid metal....Figure 5.3 Liquid‐metal flow control system.Figure 5.4 Liquid‐metal frequency tuning.Figure 5.5 Radiation patterns: (a) 2.4 GHz and (b) 4.8 GHz.Figure 5.6 Realized gain and efficiency.Figure 5.7 Liquid metal inverted‐F‐type antenna.Figure 5.8 Automatic frequency tuning setup.Figure 5.9 Measured reflection coefficient magnitude of liquid antenna.Figure 5.10 Pattern reconfigurable liquid metal antenna.Figure 5.11 Radiation pattern of mode 2.Figure 5.12 Radiation pattern of mode 3.Figure 5.13 Radiation pattern of mode 4.Figure 5.14 Fabricated prototype.Figure 5.15 Measured radiation patterns.Figure 5.16 Measured gain vs. frequency.Figure 5.17 Inflatable elastomer‐based liquid metal antenna with directional...Figure 5.18 Fabricated prototype.Figure 5.19 Simulated and measured time‐lapse images of various inflation he...Figure 5.20 Measured directivity patterns for various heights at 8.5 and 9.5...Figure 5.21 Piezoelectric transducer (PET) phase shifter.Figure 5.22 Measured and simulated phase shifter of the PET.Figure 5.23 E‐plane PET‐based phased array.Figure 5.24 E‐plane PET‐based phased array prototype.Figure 5.25 E‐plane PET‐based phased array scan patterns.Figure 5.26 E‐plane V‐Band PET‐based phased array prototype.Figure 5.27 Beam scanning patterns.Figure 5.28 System Level Concept for MEMs pixelated reconfigurable antenna....Figure 5.29 MEMS pixelated reconfigurable antenna concept element level and ...Figure 5.30 Prototype MEMs pixelated reconfigurable antenna.Figure 5.31 Measured broadside gain of the pixelated patch in three differen...Figure 5.32 Polarization reconfigurable antenna using RF MEMS switch.Figure 5.33 RF MEMS switch.Figure 5.34 Simulated reflection coefficient magnitude and axial ratio of th...Figure 5.35 Fabricated prototype.Figure 5.36 Measured axial ratio.Figure 5.37 Pattern reconfigurable antenna using RF MEMS switch.Figure 5.38 Measured end‐fire radiation pattern.Figure 5.39 Measured broadside radiation pattern.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Schematic of reconfigurable pixel antenna consisting of a stacked...Figure 6.2 (a) Layers reconfigurable antenna and (b) photo of the fabricated...Figure 6.3 (a) Frequency‐agile cells consisting of two halves of a patch, bi...Figure 6.4 Measured directivity versus frequency for different values of dio...Figure 6.5 (a) Microstrip antenna on EBG structure, (b) EBGs are connected t...Figure 6.6 Pixel antennas with reduced number of switches and nonuniform pat...Figure 6.7 Realized gain for different beam angles at −60°, −30°, 0°, 30°, a...Figure 6.8 Realized gain for omnidirectional configurations at different fre...Figure 6.9 (a) Schematic of patch‐driven superstrate pixel antenna and (b) r...Figure 6.10 A sample antenna used to study the effect of pixel size on the c...Figure 6.11 Effect of pixel size on the sample antenna resonance frequency, ...Figure 6.12 (a) Simulated reflection coefficient for two modes in multimode ...Figure 6.13 (a, b) Mapping of the pixels for multimode operation; (c, d) the...Figure 6.14 (a) Fabricated 9 × 9 pixel antenna and (b) setup of antenna patt...Figure 6.15 Simulated (gray) and measured (black) radiation patterns in (a, ...Figure 6.16 (a) Liquid metal polarization and pattern reconfigurable dipole ...Figure 6.17 (a–e) Different states of the dipole antenna and its patterns an...Figure 6.18 (a) Baseline antenna with copper arms, (b) pixel antenna, (c) to...Figure 6.19 The layout of the pixel in the “OFF” state: (a) top and (b) bott...Figure 6.20 Actuation circuit (a) layout, (b) fabricated, (c) side view when...Figure 6.21 (a) Use of electromagnet and (b) permanent magnet used for recon...Figure 6.22 The fabrication process of the magnetic substrate: (a) FR‐4 supp...Figure 6.23 Simulated and measured radiation patterns: (a) unbiased state, (...Figure 6.24 Frequency of the circular patch due to the applied magnetic bias...Figure 6.25 (a) Schematic of ferrite‐loaded SIW antenna; (b) top side of fab...Figure 6.26 Reflected coefficient: (a) simulated and measured at zero biasin...Figure 6.27 Normalized radiation patterns with and without application of th...Figure 6.28 (a) Schematic of ferrite‐loaded dual‐band SIW antenna; (b) front...Figure 6.29 Measured reflection coefficients of cross‐slot ferrite‐loaded SI...Figure 6.30 (a) The geometry of dual‐band metamaterial‐inspired antenna and ...Figure 6.31 Simulated and measured S₁₁ for the metamaterial‐inspired dual‐ba...Figure 6.32 (a) Asymmetry in the E‐field across the CPW slots and lateral sl...Figure 6.33 Fabricated monopole antenna.Figure 6.34 Simulation results showing the changes in S₁₁ by changing the va...Figure 6.35 Experimental results showing S₁₁ variation due to different bias...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Antenna in the SISO and MIMO configuration.Figure 7.2 Multiple antenna system.Figure 7.3 Decoupling technique for isolation improvement.Figure 7.4 Reconfigured decoupling network with MIMO antennas.Figure 7.5 Antenna using reconfigurable neutralization line (a) structure an...Figure 7.6 Reconfigurable antenna with artificial material loading.Figure 7.7 Reconfigurable antenna for 5G communication system.Figure 7.8 Radiation patterns of the reconfigurable antenna.Figure 7.9 A pattern reconfigurable antenna using multiple shorting posts....Figure 7.10 Pattern reconfigurable antenna with modified feeding network....Figure 7.11 Effect of distance on correlation.Figure 7.12 Biconical antenna (a) topology and (b) envelope correlation for ...Figure 7.13 Spiral antenna (a) design and (b) radiation pattern.Figure 7.14 Patch antenna with PET switch.Figure 7.15 A reconfigurable polarization antenna.Figure 7.16 Quad‐polarization state antenna.Figure 7.17 Alford loop antenna for polarization diversity.Figure 7.18 Oriol antenna.Figure 7.19 MIMO‐OFDM system.Figure 7.20 E‐shaped circularly polarization reconfigurable antenna.Figure 7.21 Reconfigurable antenna for indoor wireless communications.Figure 7.22 Four‐element MIMO antenna with reconfigurable lower band.Figure 7.23 Simulated and measured S‐parameters (simulated: dash, measured: ...Figure 7.24 Synchronized frequency response of Antenna #1 and Antenna #2....Figure 7.25 Computed ECCs of reconfigurable MIMO antennas.Figure 7.26 Radiation pattern of antennas in azimuthal plane at (a) 830 MHz,...Figure 7.27 Computed (a) MEG and (b) MEG ratio for Antenna #1 and Antenna #2...Figure 7.28 Measured TARC of reconfigurable antennas in LTE band.Figure 7.29 MIMO antenna system for CR: (a) top view and (b) bottom view....Figure 7.30 Scattering behavior of the reconfigurable antenna.Figure 7.31 2‐D radiation pattern of antenna (a) #2 and (b) #3 at 800 MHz....Figure 7.32 Measured correlation pattern of reconfigurable antennas at 900 M...Figure 7.33 MIMO antenna with its matching network (Unit in mm).Figure 7.34 The antenna in (a) free space and (b) data mode.Figure 7.35 ECC of antenna with different configurations.Figure 7.36 A part of the frequency reconfigurable slot antenna showing diff...Figure 7.37 Reconfigurable modified PIFA radiating elements (Antenna #1 [top...Figure 7.38 Measured reflection coefficient magnitude of the four‐element MI...Figure 7.39 Measured 3D radiation patterns of the antennas at 780 and 1710 M...Figure 7.40 Common radiator MIMO antenna [62].Figure 7.41 S‐parameters of the common radiator antenna: (a) reflection coef...Figure 7.42 ECC of the four‐port antenna.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Classification of MIMO technique.Figure 8.2 Multifunctional MIMO system block diagram.Figure 8.3 Frequency reconfigurable circular patch antenna.Figure 8.4 Frequency reconfigurable circular patch multifunctional antenna....Figure 8.5 Schematic of the use of MIMO in near‐field imaging radar.Figure 8.6 MIMO‐based (a) radar and (b) radar target and its image.Figure 8.7 Far‐field radar (a) target and (b) its image.Figure 8.8 Flow chart of phased MIMO radar.Figure 8.9 Schematic of (a) transmit mode and (b) receive mode.Figure 8.10 Antenna (a) configuration and (b) radiation pattern at 2.45 and ...Figure 8.11 Sensing antenna in MIMO (a) topology and (b) S‐parameter respons...Figure 8.12 Series‐fed (a) microstrip patch array and (b) its beamforming ca...Figure 8.13 Digital beamforming architecture for a receiver system.Figure 8.14 Cavity‐backed (a) dipole, (b) cavity, (c) dipole, and (d) balun....Figure 8.15 Impedance matching of cavity‐backed cross dipole antenna.Figure 8.16 Cavity‐backed dipole antenna: (a) top and (b) bottom view with S...Figure 8.17 Active S‐parameter of 4 × 4 antenna array.Figure 8.18 Beamforming of 16 × 16 dipole array at 5.3 GHz.Figure 8.19 Multi‐beam capability of 16 × 16 dipole array.Figure 8.20 Dielectric lens for MIMO applications.Figure 8.21 Uplink MIMO system with multibeam antenna.Figure 8.22 Analog beamforming technique.Figure 8.23 Typical multiple beamforming antenna architecture.Figure 8.24 Architecture of 3DFMCW MIMO radar.Figure 8.25 FMCW MIMO radar.Figure 8.26 MIMO antenna for medical application.Figure 8.27 Implanted MIMO antenna in the tissue.Figure 8.28 Measurement setup for indigestible MIMO antenna.Figure 8.29 Ex‐vivo measurement of implementable antenna.Figure 8.30 UWB MIMO for medical applications.Figure 8.31 Wearable MIMO antenna: (a) structure and (b) S‐parameter respons...Figure 8.32 Indigestible MIMO antenna: (a) conformed and (b) planar views....Figure 8.33 Placement of indigestible capsule in human body.Figure 8.34 Measured performance of indigestible antenna.Figure 8.35 Application of reconfigurable antenna in body‐centric wireless c...Figure 8.36 Polarization reconfigurable antenna (a) in human tissue and (b) ...Figure 8.37 Frequency and polarization reconfigurable wearable antenna.Figure 8.38 Flexible reconfigurable MIMO antenna.

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 (a) Geometry of the proposed reconfigurable composite right/left‐...Figure 9.2 Measured and simulated S₁₁ of the reconfigurable composite right/...Figure 9.3 A microstrip patch antenna partially filled with a CRLH‐TL struct...Figure 9.4 Topology of the microstrip patch antenna partially filled with a ...Figure 9.5 Fabricated prototype of the microstrip patch antenna partially fi...Figure 9.6 Reflection coefficient plots of the microstrip patch antenna part...Figure 9.7 Normalized radiation patterns of the microstrip patch antenna par...Figure 9.8 Topology of the polarization reconfigurable antenna using the pol...Figure 9.9 Photographs of the fabricated polarization‐reconfigurable PRAMC s...Figure 9.10 Measured reflection coefficients of the polarization‐reconfigura...Figure 9.11 Measured ARs and gains of the proposed reconfigurable antenna fo...Figure 9.12 Geometry of the OAM reconfigurable metasurface array antenna: (a...Figure 9.13 Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the OAM reconf...Figure 9.14 Simulated and measured gains of the OAM reconfigurable metasurfa...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Eight‐element array for 5G MIMO operation in a smartphone, inclu...Figure 10.2 E‐field and surface current distribution of the L‐shaped monopol...Figure 10.3 Surface current distribution in C‐shaped coupled‐fed antenna....Figure 10.4 Simulated S‐parameters of the dual polarized eight‐element MIMO ...Figure 10.5 Efficiencies of the antennas: (a) C‐shaped coupled‐fed antennas ...Figure 10.6 ECC of C‐shaped coupled‐fed antennas (Ant 5–Ant 8) and L‐shaped ...Figure 10.7 Fabricated 10‐port MIMO antenna for LTE bands 42/43/46 in a sub‐...Figure 10.8 Sub‐6 GHz antenna element.Figure 10.9 (a) 3500 MHz and (b) 5500 MHz. Surface current distribution and ...Figure 10.10 Measured S‐parameters. (a) Reflection coefficients and (b) tran...Figure 10.11 (a) Measured total efficiency and (b) calculated ECC of the ant...Figure 10.12 Geometry of the MIMO system: (a) detailed dimensions of antenna...Figure 10.13 Simulated surface current distribution of the antenna element a...Figure 10.14 Measured S‐parameters of the antenna: (a) reflection coefficien...Figure 10.15 (a) Measured total efficiency and (b) measured ECCs of the prot...Figure 10.16 10‐element‐based antenna for 4G/5G application.Figure 10.17 Detailed view of the 4G and 5G antenna elements (Unit in mm)....Figure 10.18 Measured S‐parameters of antenna in Figure 10.17: (a) reflectio...Figure 10.19 (a) Measured efficiencies and gain, and (b) calculated ECC of t...Figure 10.20 (a) 12‐port antenna for LTE 42/43/46 application, (b) inverted ...Figure 10.21 Measured S‐parameters. (a) Reflection coefficients and isolatio...Figure 10.22 Total efficiencies of the antennas operating for (a) LTE bands ...Figure 10.23 (a) Antenna model and (b) design of one of the beam steering ar...Figure 10.24 Front‐end module of the eight‐element beam steering array.Figure 10.25 (a) Measured S‐parameters and (b) beam steering performances of...Figure 10.26 Proposed antenna design and array configuration: (a) perspectiv...Figure 10.27 Schematics of the beam‐steerable array: (a) 3‐D perspective vie...Figure 10.28 Schematic of codesigned LTE and mm‐wave antennas.Figure 10.29 Simulated and measured S‐parameters of the LTE LB and HB antenn...Figure 10.30 Simulated and measured total efficiencies of the LTE LB and HB ...Figure 10.31 (a) Structure of the mobile Vivaldi antenna and (b) Vivaldi str...Figure 10.32 Matching performances of the antenna array for three setups wit...Figure 10.33 Simulated and realized gain of the antenna array with three set...Figure 10.34 (a) Top layer with the two 4G MIMO antennas and (b) ground plan...Figure 10.35 Simulated and measured S‐parameters: (a) reflection coefficient...Figure 10.36 Antenna model consisting of lower cellular band antennas, sub‐6...Figure 10.37 Antenna performances L₁ and L₂: (a) simulated and measured S pa...Figure 10.38 Antenna performances L₁ and L₂: (a) simulated and measured S pa...Figure 10.39 Measured S‐parameters of the CP phased array: (a) reflection co...Figure 10.40 (a) Normalized 2D pattern and (b) beam steering performance of ...Figure 10.41 The proposed MIMO antenna array under (a) left‐hand data mode (...Figure 10.42 Simulated model for three different interactions of user hand w...Figure 10.43 Total efficiency of three antennas at left‐hand data mode (LHDM...Figure 10.44 SAR distribution of the antenna at 0° and 40° scan angles.Figure 10.45 SAR distribution of the antenna at 0° and 40° scan angles for (...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Taken from figure 4 in [1].Figure 11.2 Single parasitic element pattern from figure 5 in [1].Figure 11.3 9‐Parasitic element pattern from figure 6 in [1].Figure 11.4 Electronically modulated TACAN antenna from figure 3 in [2].Figure 11.5 Modulator circuit from figure 6 in [2].Figure 11.6 Coarse bearing acquisition, figures 8–20 from [4].Figure 11.7 SBX‐1 in Hawaii from [5].Figure 11.8 SBX‐1 phased array from [5].Figure 11.9 Topside antenna growth on U.S. Navy ships from [6].Figure 11.10 AMRFC concept from [6].Figure 11.11 Transmit array from [6].Figure 11.12 Receive array from [6].Figure 11.13 Receive beamformer from [6].Figure 11.14 AMRFC test bed at Chesapeake Bay Detachment Facility NRLFigure 11.15 Receive and transmit array configurations to support RF functio...Figure 11.16 Normal scenario configuration of AMRFC [6].Figure 11.17 Example of wavelength scaled array with three different flared ...Figure 11.18 Three different sized flared notch radiators used in figure 12....Figure 11.19 Simulations taking into account transitions between element typ...Figure 11.20 Wavelength scaled array configuration for examining end effects...Figure 11.21 Element scanning results for the array configuration in Figure ...Figure 11.22 Designed prototype from [7].Figure 11.23 T/R module using SiGe and GaAs from [7].Figure 11.24 Phasor concept.Figure 11.25 Vector modulator phase shifter from [9].Figure 11.26 8‐Element X/Ku‐Band phased array chipset from [10].Figure 11.27 8‐Element X/Ku‐Band phased array micrograph.Figure 11.28 Vector modulator phase shifter performance from [10].Figure 11.29 Simulated radiation patterns from S‐parameter results from [10]...Figure 11.30 Four‐channel T/R phased array chipset on Si from [11].Figure 11.31 Micrograph of four‐channel T/R phased array chipset on Si from ...Figure 11.32 EW/IO/Comms aperture for InTop.Figure 11.33 DARPA ACT module from [12]. (a) shows a common sub‐array module...Figure 11.34 ACT digital beamforming [13].Figure 11.35 ACT digital beamforming NRE versus analog beamforming NRE [13]....Figure 11.36 Walden curve from [13].Figure 11.37 ACT common module developed by Rockwell Collins from [13].Figure 11.38 DARPA MIDAS concept from [14].Figure 11.39 M/A‐COM 1–8 GHz true time delay chipset from [15].Figure 11.40 Measured response of the M/A‐COM 1–8 GHz true time delay chipse...Figure 11.41 TTD array from [15].Figure 11.42 Measured array patterns from [15].

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 4‐Bit RF MEMS‐based phase shifter from [1].Figure 12.2 Measured and simulated phase response for all phase state from [...Figure 12.3 Fabricated 3‐bit RF MEMS phase shifter from [2].Figure 12.4 Measured phase response from [2].Figure 12.5 Kymeta holographic antenna from [3].Figure 12.6 LO‐based phase shift approach from [4].Figure 12.7 LO‐based phase shift approach from [4] showing the LO generation...Figure 12.8 Die micrograph of an eight‐element LO‐based phase shifting phase...Figure 12.9 IF‐based phase shift approach from [5].Figure 12.10 Micrograph of RFIC from [5] using IF based phase shifters.Figure 12.11 RF‐based phase shifting from [7].Figure 12.12 6‐Bit phase shifter MMIC in GaAs from [8].Figure 12.13 Silicon phase shifter utilizing vector modulator approach from ...Figure 12.14 Unit circle phasor description.Figure 12.15 Vector modulator phase shifter in K‐band from [6].Figure 12.16 Vector modulator 4‐bit phase shifter measured phase response in...Figure 12.17 8‐Channel K‐band phased array chipset in silicon germanium from...Figure 12.18 Micrograph of RFIC from [7] showing a 8‐channel K‐Band Phased A...Figure 12.19 Developed prototype Ku‐band phased array utilizing commercial s...Figure 12.20 Measured azimuth scanning beam patterns at 13 GHz on vertical p...Figure 12.21 Measured elevation scanning beam patterns at 13 GHz on vertical...Figure 12.22 Measured de‐embedded gain of the antenna array.Figure 12.23 Measured beam pattern with Taylor weighting for 25 dB sidelobe ...Figure 12.24 Ku‐band ROHACELL phased array under test.Figure 12.25 Phased array board stackup [11].Figure 12.26 Simulated broadside gain comparison between all PCB and ROHACEL...Figure 12.27 Cross‐section of PCB with ROHACELL.Figure 12.28 Measured azimuth scanning beam pattern at 15 GHz on vertical po...Figure 12.29 Measured elevation scanning beam pattern at 15 GHz on horizonta...Figure 12.30 Measured broadside gain comparison [11].Figure 12.31 Post simulation comparison on single antenna element [11].Figure 12.32 Photograph of the fabricated prototype array.Figure 12.33 (a) Simulated LHCP beam scan patterns for azimuth plane at 12.5...Figure 12.34 Measured co‐ and cross‐polarization gain across frequency for L...Figure 12.35 (a) LHCP AR azimuth scan and (b) LHCP AR elevation scan.Figure 12.36 Developed 64‐element T/R phased array at 28 GHz.Figure 12.37 Phased array under test in anechoic chamber.Figure 12.38 Simulation and measurement of azimuth scan at 45°‐Pol, 28 GHz....Figure 12.39 Measured and simulated peak gain.Figure 12.40 Measured (a) Taylor and (b) Bayliss weighted pattern.Figure 12.41 Geometry and coordinate system of the parabolic‐cylindrical ref...Figure 12.42 PO‐computed current density using MATLAB for the offset parabol...Figure 12.43 PO‐computed broadside 2D normalized radiation pattern of the of...Figure 12.44 Photograph of fabricated dual linear‐polarized phased array ant...Figure 12.45 Photograph of the fabricated parabolic‐cylindrical reflector us...Figure 12.46 Measured normalized co‐polarization beam steering radiation pat...Figure 12.47 The simulated peak directivity of the proposed parabolic‐cylind...