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List of Illustrations
Оглавление1 PrefaceFigure I.1 Illustration of the complex solar environment and the recent obse...
2 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Radial evolution of solar wind temperatures from the corona to 1 ...Figure 1.2 Outflow velocity (km/s) of the solar wind for the considered four...Figure 1.3 2D map of radial outflow velocity in the plane of the sky derived...Figure 1.4 Propagating brightness fluctuations (green/black) derived from CO...Figure 1.5 (a–c) Polar plots of the solar wind speed, colored by IMF polarit...Figure 1.6 Configuration in the inner heliosphere of a “ballerina skirt” hel...Figure 1.7 Typical time profiles of solar wind parameters for a selected sol...Figure 1.8 Element abundances as a function of the first ionization potentia...Figure 1.9 Left: The abundance of helium (computed as 100 times the density ...Figure 1.10 Two schematics illustrating CIRs where the fast solar wind catch...Figure 1.11 Solar wind number density data for 15 January 1997. Bottom x‐axi...Figure 1.12 Occurrence distribution of flux tube sizes mapped to the solar s...Figure 1.13 Highly idealized planar projection of a slightly asymmetric reco...Figure 1.14 Top: Typical spectrum of magnetic field fluctuations in the sola...Figure 1.15 Electron temperature anisotropy of the halo (Ah = Th⊥/Th∥...Figure 1.16 Typical electron velocity distribution function (VDF) observed b...Figure 1.17 Kinetic shells formed in the electron VDF by resonant electron–w...
3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 A total solar eclipse viewed in white light from Earth.Figure 2.2 Plotted is a typical temperature as a function of height defining...Figure 2.3 Left shows an X‐ray image taken on 7 March 1970 from an Aerobee r...Figure 2.4 Shown is a composite image from the SDO. Three images of the Sun ...Figure 2.5 This cartoon shows the atmospheric layers of the Sun. Large‐scale...Figure 2.6 Similar to Figure 2.5, with additional complexity of the observat...Figure 2.7 Alfvén waves observed in the chromosphere. (A) Spicules in Hinode...Figure 2.8 A cartoon representation of a magnetic reconnection event generat...Figure 2.9 Active region (AR) differential emission measure curve. The emiss...Figure 2.10 Emission measure as a function of temperature for nanoflare trai...Figure 2.11 Magnetic reconnection observed after braiding in Hi‐C for a C1.7...Figure 2.12 Results from the DEM inversion for different areas (indicated by...Figure 2.13 Map of temperature in an active region (AR). The Green scale ref...Figure 2.14 High‐resolution radiative MHD simulation spanning the convection...Figure 2.15 Diagnostics from a thermodynamic MHD model of the global corona ...
4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Full‐disk image of the photospheric longitudinal (line‐of‐sight) ...Figure 3.2 Quiet Sun at the disk center as observed by the Hinode SOT‐SP on ...Figure 3.3 Schematic diagram of the major global photospheric flux‐transport...Figure 3.4 Butterfly diagram (latitude–time plot) based on Kitt Peak magneto...Figure 3.5 The latitudinal centroids of the active‐region fields as function...Figure 3.6 Ten‐day averages of the north (red solid lines) and south (blue d...Figure 3.7 Potential‐field source‐surface models representing the beginnings...Figure 3.8 South polar view of the magnetic field strength taken at 12:02:19...Figure 3.9 A TiO band (706 nm) photospheric image of a sunspot observed on 2...Figure 3.10 Schematic representation of a magnetic flux tube (green lines in...Figure 3.11 High‐resolution Hα image of a filament on the disk. A main ...Figure 3.12 Two contrasting examples of solar prominences observed above the...Figure 3.13 Three‐dimensional representation of the photospheric vector magn...Figure 3.14 A diagram representing a model for filament formation due to she...Figure 3.15 A TRACE 171 Ǻ image of the coronal loop structure above an activ...Figure 3.16 An SDO/AIA 193 Ǻ image of the full solar disk showing a prominen...Figure 3.17 (a–c) Polar plots of the solar wind speed for Ulysses’s three po...Figure 3.18 Top: Soft X‐ray (red), hard X‐ray (blue), and gamma‐ray (purple)...Figure 3.19 Top: Schematic drawing of the standard CSHKP (Carmichael Sturroc...Figure 3.20 Scatter plot of free magnetic energy against relative magnetic h...Figure 3.21 Solar spectral irradiance received at the top of Earth’s atmosph...Figure 3.22 Comparison of five different TSI composites.Figure 3.23 Comparison of SSI measurements obtained by various instruments w...Figure 3.24 Variation of measured total solar irradiance (TSI) compared to t...Figure 3.25 Solar spectral irradiance variability.Figure 3.26 Top: Solar images acquired with AIA at 211 nm. Middle: Total sol...Figure 3.27 Schematic representation of the main steps involved in a semi‐em...Figure 3.28 TSI variability obtained from two cosmogenic isotopes records us...Figure 3.29 Reconstructions of irradiance variability from the Maunder minim...Figure 3.30 (Panel a) Synoptic maps of Carrington Rotation 1708 of pseudo‐ma...Figure 3.31 An early observation of the solar chromosphere in the Ca II K li...Figure 3.32 Number of available Mount Wilson solar Ca II K spectroheliograms...Figure 3.33 These solar images illustrate typical data for three consecutive...Figure 3.34 Number of calibrated solar Ca II K spectroheliograms per year....Figure 3.35 Left: Relationship between the annual mean values of the plage i...Figure 3.36 Typical Ca II K Sun‐as‐a‐star spectrum obtained by the ISS instr...
5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Time profiles typical for observers at different positions relati...Figure 4.2 Time profiles of energetic storm particle (ESP) event types. Quas...Figure 4.3 Energetic particle time profiles during the SEP event of 14 July ...Figure 4.4 Measured spectral indices of ions observed at the time of peak in...Figure 4.5 Spectral indices of oxygen during ESP events versus the theoretic...Figure 4.6 Band (solid blue curve) and Ellison–Ramaty (dashed red curve) fit...Figure 4.7 Proton spectrum from Pamela for the 14 December 2006 ground‐level...Figure 4.8 SEP abundances (relative to O), normalized to local galactic valu...Figure 4.9 SEP abundances (relative to Si) normalized to solar wind values v...Figure 4.10 Fluences for O and Fe (left axis) versus energy exhibit differen...Figure 4.11 Fe/O ratios versus time as calculated at the same energy/nucleon...Figure 4.12 Helios and IMP 8 time profiles of energetic protons reveal that ...Figure 4.13 Overview of impulsive 3He‐rich SEP events: Clockwise from bottom...Figure 4.14 (a): Histogram of 1191 solar electron events (1995–2005) and the...Figure 4.15 Example of 1 au electron and ion data from an impulsive SEP even...Figure 4.16 Top panel: Spectrograms of 3He and 4He from four energy ranges f...Figure 4.17 Example of a long‐lived source of type III bursts and 3He‐rich e...Figure 4.18 Energy versus arrival times of H‐Fe from two impulsive SEP event...Figure 4.19 High‐resolution SDO AIAA images near the time of a type III burs...Figure 4.20 Source locations of 3He‐rich events plotted versus heliographic ...Figure 4.21 Association of 3He‐rich SEP event with a large‐scale coronal wav...Figure 4.22 Event‐averaged omnidirectional differential electron spectrum fo...Figure 4.23 Event‐averaged fluences for (a) the 9 September 1998 event, and ...Figure 4.24 Heavy ion relative abundance enhancements compared to solar syst...Figure 4.25 Energy dependence of 3He/4He ratio for three impulsive SEP event...Figure 4.26 Mean ionic charge state of 0.18–0.25 MeV/nucleon Fe in ~40 impul...Figure 4.27 Calculated 3He and 4He energy spectra accelerated by stochastic ...Figure 4.28 Mean ionic charge state of Fe as a function of energy for four i...Figure 4.29 Blue points: calculated enrichment of different ions after passi...Figure 4.30 Overview of the 20 October 2002 “impulsive” electron event (a,b)...Figure 4.31 Event occurrence differential frequency distribution at 40 (top)...Figure 4.32 (a): Inferred solar injection timing of electrons (black) and io...Figure 4.33 Left: Electron peak flux versus energy spectrum of solar energet...Figure 4.34 Left panels: Normalized 3D electron angular distributions measur...Figure 4.35 Cross sections versus energy for proton charge exchange with hyd...Figure 4.36 The first observation of ENAs associated with a solar eruptive e...Figure 4.37 (a) Predicted ENA components from three different charge‐exchang...Figure 4.38 Sweet–Parker model (left) and Petschek’s model (right). The blue...
6 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Compact flare observed in an active region off the solar limb on ...Figure 5.2 A long‐duration, gradual solar flare observed in a filament chann...Figure 5.3 Sequence of SOHO LASCO C2 coronagraph images showing an eruption ...Figure 5.4 This eruption, observed by SDO/AIA on 31 August 2012 (orange: 304...Figure 5.5 “Typical” auroral oval. Colors indicate intensity; red is stronge...Figure 5.6 Light curves of an X8.2 flare on 10 September 2017, including (a)...Figure 5.7 Left: An arcade of flare loops of an eruptive two‐ribbon flare ob...Figure 5.8 Left: Image of a flare with brightened feet of flare loops observ...Figure 5.9 Top: X‐ray emission (contours) observed by RHESSI at “soft” and “...Figure 5.10 (a) An M1.9 flare observed on 14 June 2012 by SDO/AIA in 304 Å (...Figure 5.11 Early observations provided evidence that many CMEs have a disti...Figure 5.12 This diagram, from Colaninno et al. (2013), illustrates a diffic...Figure 5.13 Magnetic field and EUV coronal images of a large‐scale, post‐eru...Figure 5.14 Left: SOHO Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope 304 Å (He II) image fro...Figure 5.15 Figure 3 from Parenti (2014). Left: A simple 2D Kippenhahn–Schlü...Figure 5.16 Figure from Thompson et al. (1998). Running‐difference (i.e., co...Figure 5.17 Diagram from Liu et al. (2012) summarizing the impulse from a co...Figure 5.18 (a): Magnetic flux P1‐N1 emerging into preexisting overlying flu...
7 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Examples of chromospheric spicules observed at the solar west lim...Figure 6.2 Examples of X‐ray images of solar coronal jets observed with the Figure 6.3 This is a schematic representation of the emerging flux model for...Figure 6.4 Observed X‐ray jet near at the solar limb in (a) X‐rays from Yohk...Figure 6.5 Minifilament observed erupting in SDO/AIA 171 Å, where the arrows...Figure 6.6 Schematic representation of the minifilament eruption model for c...Figure 6.7 Plot showing magnetic evolution as a function of time of positive...Figure 6.8 Plot of estimated observed number of erupting filament‐like featu...
8 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Upper: Time–latitude diagram of spot area; Lower: Total spot area...Figure 7.2 Magnetic butterfly diagram, constructed from longitudinally avera...Figure 7.3 Polar field amplitudes for cycles 21–24 from the Wilcox Solar Obs...Figure 7.4 Excess hemispheric sunspot number, north (green) over south (red)...Figure 7.5 Fractional difference between spot area in the north and south. S...Figure 7.6 Difference between north and south in timing of peaks and minima....Figure 7.7 Typical synoptic magnetograms from cycles 22 and 23. Hale’s polar...Figure 7.8 Flowchart of the history of development of solar cycle dynamo mod...Figure 7.9 Schematic sequence of induction and transport processes contained...Figure 7.10 Calibrated butterfly diagram from a Babcock–Leighton flux‐transp...Figure 7.11 Relationship between latitude of poleward boundary of primary me...Figure 7.12 Butterfly diagrams (frames b,c) from flux‐transport dynamo conta...Figure 7.13 Early results from a 3D Babcock–Leighton flux‐transport dynamo m...Figure 7.14 Left: Sun‐as‐a‐Star power spectrum from the Birmingham Solar Osc...Figure 7.15 Sample rotation kernels based on Equation 7.2.Figure 7.16 (a) The relative differences of the squared sound speed between ...Figure 7.17 Latitudinal distribution of frequency shifts from GONG, averaged...Figure 7.18 Solar interior rotation profile, based on the average of 2dRLS i...Figure 7.19 Zonal‐flow residuals at 0.99 R⊙ from 2dRLS inversion...Figure 7.20 North–south average of meridional flow profile.Figure 7.21 White‐light observation of a sunspot (National Oceanographic and...Figure 7.22 (a) Inferred temperature, (b) magnetic field strength, (c) incli...Figure 7.23 Measured tilt of solar magnetic sunspot pairs, taken from Mount ...Figure 7.24 Observation of the long‐term (three‐month) evolution of the line...Figure 7.25 Height–time reconstruction of the line‐of‐sight component of the...Figure 7.26 Magnetic flux emergence rate versus peak magnetic flux from a nu...Figure 7.27 Figures showing the shape of a rising thin flux tube in a 3D con...Figure 7.28 Two‐dimensional simulation of a rising magnetic flux tube. The s...Figure 7.29 Two‐dimensional simulation of the rise of a buoyant, twisted flu...Figure 7.30 Snapshots from two simulations of 3D buoyant flux tubes rising t...Figure 7.31 Simulation of a flux tube rising through a rotating convection z...Figure 7.32 Simulation of the rise and emergence of a kinking magnetic flux ...Figure 7.33 Simulation (top two rows) of the rise and emergence of an Ω...Figure 7.34 Simulation of the emergence of a very low twist flux rope into t...Figure 7.35 Simulation of the emergence of a kinking flux rope from the conv...Figure 7.36 Two‐dimensional cuts from a 3D simulation of the rise of a twist...Figure 7.37 Simulated white‐light emission from modeled sunspot formation in...Figure 7.38 Synthetic magnetogram from a simulation of the formation of an a...
