Оглавление
Группа авторов. The Road to Good Nutrition
The Road to Good Nutrition. Editors. Manfred Eggersdorfer. Klaus Kraemer. Marie Ruel. Marc Van Ameringen. Hans Konrad Biesalski. Martin Bloem. Junshi Chen. Asma Lateef. Venkatesh Mannar. Kaiseraugust. 183 figures and 14 tables, 2013
Foreword
Dr David Nabarro
Working Together for Improved Nutrition
Nutrition-sensitive solutions
A bold new way of collective and harmonized thinking
The imperative to act
Preface
Manfred Eggersdorfer
A Healthy Diet with Essential Micronutrients is the Basis for a Healthy Life. Poor diet is the 4th biggest global risk factor for disease
Life Expectancy Increasing (between 1990 and 2010)
How to Use this Book
Contents
Key Definitions. Acute malnutrition (also known as wasting)
Birthrate
Blanket feeding
Blanket supplementary feeding program
BMI-for-age
Body mass index (BMI)
Breast milk substitute (BMS)
Chronic malnutrition
Common results framework
Community participation
Complementary feeding
Coverage
Crude mortality rate
Dehydration
Diabetes
Diarrhea
Double burden of malnutrition
Dry feeding
Early warning system
Emergency school feeding
Endemic disease
Enrichment
Essential fatty acids (EFAs)
Exclusive breastfeeding
Food access
Food aid
Food assistance
Food diversity
Food fortification
Food security
Fortificant
Fortified blended foods (FBFs)
Growth reference
Growth standard
Healthcare system
Hidden hunger
Hunger
Infant
Infant and young child feeding (IYCF)
Infant formula
Information, education and communication (ICE)
Low birth weight
Macronutrients
Malnutrition
Micronutrient deficiency
Micronutrients
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM)
Multi-stakeholder platform
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
Nutrition security
Nutritional status
Nutrition-sensitive approaches
Nutrition-specific interventions
Nutrition-specific interventions and programs
Obesity
Overweight
Ready-to-use foods (RUF)
Ready-to-use supplementary foods (RUSF)
Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF)
Recommended daily allowance (RDA)
School feeding
Selective feeding programs
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM)
Stunting
SUN donor convener
SUN government Focal Point
SUN Multi-Partner Trust Fund (MPTF)
Supplementary feeding
Supplementary feeding program
Supplementation
Sustainable development goals
Targeted supplementary feeding program
UN REACH (Renewed Effort Against Child Hunger and Undernutrition)
Undernutrition
Underweight
Vulnerability
Wasting (also known as acute malnutrition)
Z-score
Executive Summary
Case study. Maternal undernutrition - a mother’s story (Bangladesh)
The One Thousand Days Mission
One Thousand Days Organization
Key messages
Recent improvements in nutrition
What ‘stunting’ indicates
Consequences of stunting
Prevention of stunting requires a nutritious diet
Starting at stunting’s basic cause, poverty and inequity
Prevention of stunting should be a human right
All stakeholders need to work together to prevent stunting
Conclusion
A brief history of Human Rights
Case study. Household Rice Expenditure and Maternal and Child Nutritional Status in Bangladesh
Further reading
Case study. Malnutrition is treatable: access to nutrition services saves the life of a child (Uganda)
My personal view. Martin Bloem
Key messages
Food and nutrition security: concepts and definitions
The causes of malnutrition are interconnected
Linkages between food and nutrition security
The four dimensions of food security
The four dimensions of food security and their determinants
The causes and consequences of food insecurity
Food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty are deeply interrelated phenomena
How households cope with food insecurity, and the consequences for health and nutrition
Hunger1 statistics
Malnutrition statistics
UNICEF Conceptual Framework
The UNICEF conceptual framework
Immediate causes of undernutrition
The infection-undernutrition cycle
Food system interventions for better nutrition
What can food systems do to enhance food security and nutrition?
Key recommendations for Improving Nutrition through Agriculture
My personal view. Marie Ruel
Further reading
Key messages
Hidden hunger in the developed world
Key definitions. Macronutrient deficiency
Micronutrient deficiency
Common micronutrient deficiencies
Dimensions of hidden hunger
The consequences of a micronutrient deficiency
The return of rickets
An increase in poverty and poor nutrition in the developed world
Child poverty and malnutrition in the US
The history of the balanced diet
The decline of the balanced diet
Sir Jack Cecil Drummond: A pioneer of nutrition science
‘Food deserts’ and the problem of limited access to balanced nutrition
Food deserts in the US and other barriers to a balanced diet
The long-term consequences of inadequate nutrition
Hidden hunger across the life cycle
The economic impact of vitamin D deficiency
Annual income and diet cost comparison
Undernourished persons (in millions)
Trapped in the cycle of hunger, generation after generation
My personal view. Hans Konrad Biesalski
Further reading
Key messages
The nutrition transition
Stranger than paradise
Definitions of key terms
Case study. The Pima Indians: A case study of the relationship between obesity and diabetes. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
The critical first one thousand days
The time bomb of obesity
The double burden of malnutrition
Double Burden of Malnutrition: Time to Drop “Double”?
Childhood obesity
Protecting children from the negative impact of marketing on dietary behavior
The world is getting wider
Fat of the land
Why lower-income households suffer the most
The long road to behavior change
Further reading
WHO’s recommendations
The WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health
My personal view
Key messages
The problem of widespread undernutrition
Hunger, food insecurity and undernutrition
Undernutrition and its consequences - physical and neurological
Undernutrition and its consequences - economic
The fetal programming concept
Case study
The economics of reducing undernutrition
The Copenhagen Consensus
The Developmental Course of Human Brain Development
Global estimates of undernourishment (hunger) 1969-2010
Regional estimates of undernourishment 1990-2008
Projected change in World Commodity Prices presented as a percent change between baseline 2010 and baseline 2050
Per child cost of interventions to reduce stunting and mortality at age 36 months
Benefit: cost estimages of investments that reduce stunting
Baseline projections for people at risk of hunger in 2010, 2025 and 2050
Baseline projections of malnourished children in 2010, 2025 and 2050
Benefit: cost ratios of micronutrient interventions
Malnutrition and obesity
An astonishing return on investment
My personal view. John Hoddinott. Deputy Director, Poverty Health and Nutrition Division, International Food. Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington DC, USA
Further reading
Key messages
Confusion before enlightenment: a short history of dealing with undernutrition
Coming to consensus
The need for assessment and analysis before action
Number of undernourished children today
Latest thinking and the Conceptual Framework
Nutrition-specific interventions - proven actions
Nutrition-sensitive interventions - still building the evidence base
Women are central to the solution
The long road to food, care and health
Enhanced homestead food production: The view of Helen Keller International (HKI) The Problem
What HKI Is Doing
Case study. Scaling up Essential Nutrient Actions in Madagascar
Case study. Why malnutrition persists in many food-secure households
Three myths about nutrition
Myth 1
Myth 2
Myth 3
The window of opportunity for addressing undernutrition
The vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition
My personal view
Further reading
References
Key messages
Nutrition-specific interventions
Maternal nutrition
Early initiation of breastfeeding
Exclusive breastfeeding
Globally, less than 40 per cent of infants are exclusively breastfed
Most regions have increased rates of exclusive breastfeeding
Complementary feeding
Complementary feeding in eight countries
Many countries have increased rates of exclusive breastfeeding
Infant and Young Child Nutrition (IYCN)
Key components and interventions of an infant and young child feeding strategy
Continuing the Discussion on Adequate Nutrient Intakes for Infancy
Investments must be made in optimizing the health and nutrition of mothers
References
Prevention and treatment of micronutrient deficiencies
Vitamin A supplementation
Vitamin A supplementation reaches more than 80 per cent of young children in least developed countries
Iron supplementation
Universal salt iodization
Iodized salt consumption is more likely among the richest households than the poorest households
How to read this graph:
Fortification of complementary foods, staple foods and condiments. Home fortification
Large-scale fortification
Scaling up nutrition
Lost productivity
Community-based interventions
Five countries account for more than half of admissions for treatment of severe acute malnutrition
Water, sanitation and hygiene and access to health services
Community-based approaches
Communication for behavior and social change
Maintaining the focus on equity
The way forward
Nutrition-sensitive approaches
Agriculture
Social protection
My personal view. Werner Schultink. Associate Director, UNICEF
Further reading
Key messages
The effect of food price increases
Double blow to the poor
Food prices and the Arab Spring
How are food prices set?
Case study. Case study: Guatemala
Abstract
Links between the food and financial crises
Global Food: Waste Not, Want Not. Feeding the 9 Billion: The Tragedy of Waste
Developing nations
Developed nations
Better use of our finite resources
Effective land usage
Water usage
Energy usage
The long-term health risks of rising food prices
How does climate change affect food prices?
What happens next?
My personal view. Joachim von Braun. Director of the Center for Development Research (ZEF) Professor for Economic and Technological Change, University of Bonn, Germany
Further reading
Key messages
What is good governance, and why is it needed for nutrition security?
Why is it so important now?
What are the core drivers and ingredients of good governance?
How is governance measured and monitored?
Definitions and ingredients of good governance
Case study. What worked: Thailand’s big push
Case study. Scaling up nutrition in Bangladesh
Case study. Global governance: the rising of the SUN
My personal view
Further reading
Key messages
The politics
The changing policy landscape
Significant policy change in Africa
The Irish Hunger Task Force
The role of advocacy
An exemplary advocate: Norman Borlaug
An inspiration to advocacy: The Great Irish Famine of the 19th century
Case study. An integrated approach to combatting malnutrition. The RAIN Project in Mumbwa District, Zambia
Project title
Project objective
Specific objectives
Target group
Number of direct beneficiaries
Project duration
Project area
Implementing partners
Project funding
The growing place of nutrition on the global agenda. 1992 - The UN Food and Agricultural Organization’s ‘World Declaration and Plan of Action for Nutrition’
2000 - The United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals
2008 - The Copenhagen Consensus
2008 - The Lancet Series on Maternal and Child Undernutrition
2010 - Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement
The 2012 Copenhagen Consensus
2012 - The UN Secretary General’s High-Level Panel of eminent persons on the post-2015 Development Agenda
2013 - The Lancet 2013 Series on Maternal and Child Nutrition
2013 - Global Nutrition for Growth Compact
My personal view
Further reading
Key messages
Introduction
Farm-to-table continuum
Production
Case study 1. Continuum: Production and Table. β-Carotene rich orange sweet potatoes
Case study 2. Continuum: Production, Transportation, Retail and Table. Ultra Rice® Technology
NutriRice™ Technology
Case study 3. Continuum: Production and Table. Women in small-scale agriculture
Distribution
Case study 4. Continuum: Transportation. Medicine via Coca-Cola
Collaboration
Case study 5. Continuum: Farm. Acumen Fund
Technology
Diagnostics
Case study 6. Continuum: Farm, Processing, Retail. iCheck and vitamin A
Case study 7a. Continuum: Table. Screening for anemia
Case study 7b. Continuum: Table. Screening for vitamin A deficiency
Continuum: Table. Proteomics in research and food science
Delivery
Case study 9. Continuum: Retail and Table. Ready-to-use Plumpy’nut®
Information & Communications
Case study 10. Continuum: Farm and Processing. e-Purjee system and sugarcane farmers
Case study 11. Continuum: Transportation, “Retail”, and Table. Texts and Food Aid
New frontiers
Case study 12. CASE STUDY 12 (Continuum: Farm) Agriculture and algorithms
Conclusions
Our personal view
Further reading
Key messages
Nutrition and the Post-2015 Development Agenda - the role of civil society
WHO nutrition targets for 2025
Case study. Guatemala: Gilma’s Story
Case study. Ghana: Lydia’s Story
Case study. Bangladesh: Tohomina’s Story
Further reading
My personal view. Asma Lateef
Key messages
Nutrition is everybody’s business
Early discoveries in nutrition
Different worlds of nutrition
Momentum for concerted action on nutrition
GLOBAL TARGET 1. By 2025, reduce by 40% the number of children under age 5 who are stunted
GLOBAL TARGET 2. By 2025, achieve a 50% reduction in anemia in women of reproductive age
GLOBAL TARGET 3. By 2025, achieve a 30% reduction of the number of infants born with low birth weight
GLOBAL TARGET 4. By 2025, ensure that there is no increase in the number of children who are overweight
GLOBAL TARGET 5. By 2025, increase to at least 50% the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months
GLOBAL TARGET 6. By 2025, reduce and maintain childhood wasting to less than 5%
My personal view
Conclusion
Further reading
Table 1: Progress in Micronutrient Science and Policy
Table 1: Important Milestones in Nutrition Policy Development
List of key organizations
The calls have been heard
It is imperative that we act
References
Profiles of Contributors and Editorial Board members. I. Contributors
II. Editorial Board members
Marc Van Ameringen. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Tom Arnold. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Innovation and influence
Additional engagements include:
Hans Konrad Biesalski. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Martin Bloem. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Joachim von Braun. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Further Information: www.zef.de. Junshi Chen. Current title:
Qualification:
Biography:
Further Information:
Alan Dangour. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Manfred Eggersdorfer. Current title:
Qualification:
Biography:
Further Information:
Stuart Gillespie. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Further Information:
John Hoddinott. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Further Information:
Eileen Kennedy. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Further Information:
Klaus Kraemer. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Alain Labrique. Current title:
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Biography:
Further information:
Asma Lateef. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Marguerite B Lucea. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Venkatesh Mannar. Current title:
Qualification:
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Biography:
Further information:
Saskia de Pee. Current title:
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Focus:
Biography:
Victoria Quinn. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Further information:
Marie Ruel. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Further information:
Jan Werner Schultink. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Patrick Webb. Current title:
Qualification:
Focus:
Biography:
Further Information:
Colophon. Editorial Board:
Communication consultancy, editing and project management:
Design concept, layout typesetting and graphics:
Proofreading and indexing:
Image credits fo chapter introductions. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Afterword
