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Группа авторов. Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children
Nestlé Nutrition Institute. Workshop Series
Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Contributors
Global Landscape of Malnutrition in Infants and Young Children
Abstract
The Burden of Malnutrition in All Its Forms
Progress Toward Addressing Malnutrition: Some Examples from the Literature
Understanding the Etiology of Malnutrition
Stunting
Anemia
Overweight
Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
When Does It All Begin: What, When, and How Young Children Are Fed
Abstract
Introduction
Global Infant Young Child Feeding Recommendations
Assessment of IYCF
Adherence to IYCF Recommendations. Breastfeeding
Complementary Feeding
Caregiver Feeding Styles
Future Research
Disclosure Statement
References
Improving Children’s Diet: Approach and Progress
Abstract
Introduction
Counseling and Behavior Change Interventions
A&T Project
Home-Based Fortification Strategies
Jeevan-Jyothi
Pushtikona
Food-Based Strategies
Summary
Disclosure Statement
References
The Importance of Food Composition Data for Estimating Micronutrient Intake: What Do We Know Now and into the Future?
Abstract
Introduction
FCT/FCDB: Sources of Data
Limitations and Quality Considerations for Using FCT/FCDB
Variability in the Composition of Foods
Quality of FCT/FCDB
Global Availability of FCT/FCDB
Global Initiatives, Challenges, and Opportunities
Concluding Remarks
Disclosure Statement
References
Balancing Safety and Potential for Impact in Universal Iron Interventions
Abstract
Introduction
Determinants of Anemia
Evidence of Benefits from Universal Iron Interventions
Improvement of Anemia and Iron Deficiency
Iron and Cognitive Development
Iron and Growth
Evidence of Risk
Iron and Malaria
Iron and Diarrhea
Iron and Respiratory Tract Infections
Risks in Iron-Replete Individuals
Iron Toxicity
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Disclosure Statement
References
Summary on Pediatric Nutrition: Challenges and Approaches to Address Them
References
Human Milk as the First Source of Micronutrients
Abstract
Importance of Human Milk
Importance of Measuring Micronutrient Concentrations in Human Milk
Micronutrients That May Not Be Adequate in Breast Milk
Situations That Can Put Breastfed Infants at Risk of Micronutrient Deficiencies
New Developments in Human Milk Micronutrient Research
Effects of Maternal Supplementation on Vitamins in Human Milk
Establishing Reference Values for Micronutrients in Human Milk
Acknowledgments
Disclosure Statement
References
Role of Milk and Dairy Products in Growth of the Child
Abstract
Introduction
Cow’s Milk and Linear Growth
Observational Studies
Intervention Studies
Cow’s Milk Allergy and Height
Conclusion on Cow’s Milk and Linear Growth
The Effects of Cow’s Milk on Other Growth Outcomes
Milk Intake and Age of Puberty
Milk and IGF-I
Adult Stature and Health Outcomes
Growth Components in Cow’s Milk
Potential Negative Effects of a High Milk Intake in Young Children
Recommendations on Milk Intake
Conclusions
Disclosure Statement
References
Vitamin B12: An Intergenerational Story
Abstract
Conventional Wisdom: Pernicious Anemia versus Nutrient Deficiency (Table 1)
Folate versus B12
Folic Acid versus Folate
B12 Studies in India
Acknowledgments
Disclosure Statement
References
Vegan Diet in Young Children
Abstract
Nutrient Coverage of a Vegan Diet
Recommendations and Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Role of Optimized Plant Protein Combinations as a Low-Cost Alternative to Dairy Ingredients in Foods for Prevention and Treatment of Moderate Acute Malnutrition and Severe Acute Malnutrition
Abstract
Background
SAM Treatment
Moderate Acute Malnutrition Treatment
Alternative SAM Treatments
Alternative MAM Treatments
Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Summary on the Role of Milk in Early Life
References
Environmental and Physiological Barriers to Child Growth and Development
Abstract
Introduction
The Possible Effects of “Silent” Subclinical Infections
Environmental Enteric Disease
Aflatoxin Exposure
Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation
Thresholds of Environmental Hygiene That Must Be Attained to Normalize Child Growth
Future Prospects
Disclosure Statement
References
The Gut Microbiome in Child Malnutrition
Abstract
The Global Burden of Child Malnutrition
Child Malnutrition as a Microbial Disorder
Succession of a Healthy Infant Gut Microbiome
The Microbiome of Stunting
The Microbiome of Wasting
Dietary Insufficiencies, Gut Microbiome, and Undernutrition
Targeting the Gut Microbiome in Child Malnutrition
Antibiotics
Probiotics/Prebiotics
Microbiota-Directed Foods
Fecal Microbiome Transplantation
Conclusions
Funding Sources
Disclosure Statement
References
Intergenerational Influences on Child Development: An Epigenetic Perspective
Abstract
Disclosure Statement
References
Summarizing the Child Growth and Diarrhea Findings of the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Benefits and Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy Trials
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
WASH Benefits Bangladesh
Outcome Measurement
WASH Benefits Kenya
Outcome Measurement
Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy
Outcome data collection
Findings
Outcome: 7-Day Prevalence of Diarrhea
Implications
Disclosure Statement
References
Summary of Environmental Impacts on Nutrition
References
Subject Index
