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It is well established that the first 1,000 days of life are a critical period of rapid growth and development. During this period, adequate nutrition is required to meet the nutrient needs for proper growth [1]. Yet, malnutrition remains a global concern among children under 5 years of age. Malnutrition includes those who are both over- and underweight – impacting all ages. Globally, almost 240 million children under age 5 are suffering from malnutrition [2]. According to a recent World Health Organization (WHO) report, 45% of deaths in children under age 5 are due to malnutrition [3]. While many malnourished children are stunted or wasted, an increasing number are becoming overweight due to the nutrition transition [4]. The transition is causing a shift in dietary and physical

activity patterns with an increase in consumption of sugars and fat and a decrease in daily physical activity. The transition was initiated by a variety of changes within the economy as well as improvements to technology [5].

This chapter provides a brief review of both global patterns and selective data from India, where the 93rd Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop on “Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Children” occurred. It focuses on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) recommendations and global adherence, the importance of caregiver feeding style and its impact on growth and development, and how nutrition interventions and future research can be used to improve current IYCF practices.