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Группа авторов. The Nursing Associate's Handbook of Clinical Skills
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
The Nursing Associate's Handbook of Clinical Skills
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
References
Acknowledgements
About the Editor
About the Companion Website
Annexe A Communication and Relationship Management Skills
1 Theories and Models of Communication
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Supporting Evidence
Take Note
Red Flag
Transmission Model of Communication
The Interactive Model of Communication
Orange Flag
The Transactional Model of Communication
Blue Flag
Green Flag
Yellow Flag
Conclusion
References
2 Approaches to Effective Communication
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Supporting Evidence
Blue Flag Total Communication
Barriers to Effective Communication
Yellow Flag Cultural Beliefs and Values Associated with Non‐verbal Communication
Orange Flag Communicating with Older People with Cognitive Impairment
Conclusion
References
3 Interpersonal Skills and Therapeutic Relationship Skills
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Touch Point
Blue Flag Relationships
Green Flag Standards of proficiency for nursing associates, NMC
Take Note
Green Flag Benchmarks for respect and dignity
Touch Point
Blue Flag Brief patient encounter. Sexual Health Clinic
Red Flag
Supporting Evidence
Yellow Flag Beliefs and values
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Touch Point
Take Note
Maintaining Professional Boundaries
The 6Cs
Yellow Flag Beliefs and values
Supporting Evidence Clinical Leaders Network 2014
Care
Orange Flag
Touch point
Compassion
Blue Flag Relationships
Yellow Flag Values
Take Note
Competence
Green Flag Standards of proficiency for nursing associates
Green Flag Standards of proficiency for nursing associates
Violet Flag Social issues
Supporting Evidence
Take Note
Communication
Touch Point
Courage
Commitment
Green Flag The code NMC
Supporting Evidence
Touch Points Revisited
References
4 Working in a Team
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Teams and Groups
Touch Point
Take note
Personality Types
Take Note
Take Note
Touch Point
Leadership
Touch Point
Transactional Leadership
Transformational Leadership
The Servant Leader
NHS Leadership Model
Green Flag
Case Study
Conclusion
References
5 Listening Actively
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Take Note
Blue Flag
Green Flag
The Therapeutic Relationship
Box 5.1 Peplau’s Model Compared with the Nursing Process
The Importance of Active Listening
Red Flag
How to Listen Actively
Take Note
Box 5.2 Examples of Different Question Types Focusing on Pain
Orange Flag
Barriers to Active Listening
Touch Point
Violet Flag
Touch Point
Conclusion
References
6 Information Gathering
Chapter Aim
Learning Objectives
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Therapeutic Nurse–Patient Relationship
Blue Flag
Knowing the Patient
Yellow Flag
Touch Point
Take Note
Violet Flag
Emotional Intelligence
Touch Point
Tools for Gathering Relevant Information
Supporting Evidence
Orange Flag
Red Flag
Take Note
Gathering Credible Literature
Conclusion
References
7 Escalating Concerns
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Assessment and Planning Ahead
Red Flag
Orange Flag
Take Note
Take Note
SBAR – A Structured Communication Tool
Blue Flag
Take Note
Touch Points
RSVP
Touch Point
Who to Escalate To?
Yellow Flag
Registered Nurse
Nurse Practitioners (NPs)/Advanced Clinical Practitioners (ACPs)
Foundation Year 1 (FY1) and Foundation Year 2 (FY2) Doctors
Core Trainee Or Specialist Trainee Doctors
Consultant
Critical Care Outreach Team
Medical Emergency Team (MET)/Crash Team
999 Emergency Services
Violet Flag
Challenges of Communication
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence
Conclusion
References
8 Written Communication
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
The Written Record
Box 8.1 Some Types of Record Used by the Nursing Associate
Green Flag Legislation
Touch Point
Violet Flag
Professional Requirements
Take Note
Supporting Evidence
Blue Flag
Touch Point
Legible and Clearly Written
Language
Yellow Flag
Red Flag
Jargon and Abbreviations
Spelling
Supporting Evidence
Dated and Timed
Speculation
Touch Point
Safe Storage
Orange Flag
Take Note
From a Legal Perspective
Supporting Evidence
Touch Points Revisited
References
9 Addressing Compliments and Complaints
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Compliments
Green Flag
Blue Flag
Touch Point
Managing Complaints
Touch Point
NHS Complaints
Violet Flag
Giving Feedback
How to Make a Complaint
Blue Flag
Red Flag
The Process
Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman
Yellow Flag
Touch Point
Conclusion
References
Annexe B Procedures
Unit 1 Procedures to Enable Effective Monitoring of a Person's Condition
10 Vital Signs
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Assessing the Pulse
Radial Pulse
Blue Flag
Box 10.1 The Pulse Pressure
Atrial Fibrillation
Take Note
Assessing the Blood Pressure
Take Note What if the tapping sound never disappears?
Violet Flag Home blood pressure monitor
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Hypertension and Hypotension
Assessing Respirations
Green Flag
Orange Flag
Temperature
Red Flag Sepsis
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Yellow Flag BMI Beliefs
Calculating BMI
Touch Point
Conclusion
References
11 Venepuncture
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Take Note
The Anatomy of the Vein
Site Selection for Venepuncture
Touch Point
Complications of Venepuncture
Pain
Orange Flag
Blue Flag
Venepuncture of an Artery
Bleeding and Bruising
Insertion of a Needle into a Nerve
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence
Undertaking Venepuncture
Green Flag
Red Flag Inserting a needle into a valve
Violet Flag
Haemolysed Samples
Box 11.1 Equipment Required and the Procedure for Venepuncture
Equipment Used
Tourniquet Time
Collection Site
Blood Transportation Policies
Touch Point
Conclusion
References
12 ECG Recording
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Machine Preparation
Red Flag
Area Preparation (Environment)
Patient Preparation. Communication
Blue Flag
Skin Preparation
Lead Placement
Limb Lead Placement
Take Note
Chest Lead Placement
Take Note
Yellow Flag
Recording the ECG
Box 12.1 Chest Lead Placement
Troubleshooting ECG Recordings
Violet Flag
Supporting Evidence
Conclusion
References
13 Blood Glucose Assessment
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Violet Flag
Reasons to Measure Blood Glucose
Blue Flag
Blood Glucose Levels
Urine Testing of Blood Glucose
Red Flag
Testing Urine for Glucose
Box 13.1 Equipment for Urine Testing
Point‐Of‐Care Blood Glucose Testing
Green Flag
Coded Versus Non‐Coded Machines
Box 13.2 Variables That may Affect Point‐of‐care Testing
Pre‐analysis factors
Analytical factors
Post‐analytical factors
Quality Control of Blood Glucose Machines
Laboratory Testing of Blood Glucose
Supporting Evidence
Conclusion
References
14 Specimen Collection
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
General Principles of Specimen Collection
Transportation of Specimens
Obtaining a Urine Specimen
Obtaining an MSU Sample
Early Morning Urine (EMU)
Catheter Specimen of Urine (CSU)
24‐Hour Urine Collection
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence
Obtaining a Faeces Specimen
Box 14.2 Infectious Agents Requiring the Collection of a Faecal Sample
Box 14.3 Equipment Required for Collecting a Sample of Faeces
Yellow Flag
Procedure
Obtaining a Sputum Sample
Red Flag
Procedure
Obtaining a Nasal Swab
Procedure
Box 14.6 Equipment Required for a Nasal Swab
Conclusion
References
15 Recognising and Escalating Signs of All Forms Abuse
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence (Vulnerable Children) Working together to safeguard children (Department of Health 2018)
Violet Flag Psychosocial Flag
Orange Flag Psychological Problems
Green Flag Legislation
Red Flag Serious Pathology
Supporting Evidence Domestic Abuse
Touch Point
Recognising Signs of Abuse
Supporting Evidence NSPCC learning
Touch Point
Communicating and Escalating Abuse in Practice
Yellow Flag Emotions and Fears
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence NMC, raising concerns
Communicating with the Abused Individual
Supportive Evidence Social care institute for excellence (SCIE)
Being Open – Duty of Candour
Clinical Flag, Blue Flag Relationship Issues
Touch Point Being open – Duty of Candour
Whistleblowing
Clinical Flag, Blue Flag Relationship Issues
Touch Point Freedom to speak up – Whistleblowing
Touch Points Revisited
References
16 Recognising and Escalating Signs of Self‐harm and/or Suicidal Ideation
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Self‐Harm
Touch Point
Yellow Flag Beliefs and Values
Communicating with an Individual About Self‐Harm
Blue Flag Relationship Issues
Take Note Communicating with an individual about self‐harm
Green Flag Standards of Proficiency for Nursing Associates
Triage/Initial Assessment
Consent
Mental Capacity
Touch Point
Orange Flag Mental Health and Psychological Issues
Psychosocial Assessment Following Self‐Harm
Orange Flag Psychosocial Issues
Red Flag Serious Pathology: Risk assessment
Supportive Evidence Online resources to support people who self‐harm, their families and carers
Suicide
Green Flag The Law
Touch Point
Recognising Suicidal Ideation in Practice
Violet FlagHomeless People and Self‐Harm/Suicide Risk
Violet Flag Austerity and Suicide
Touch Point
Take Note
Supporting Evidence
Communicating with Those Who Feel Suicidal
Blue Flag Relationship Issues
Orange Flag Mental Health and Psychological Problems
Red Flag Physical EmergencyCase study
Touch Point
Resource
Touch Points – Revisited
References
17 Basic Mental Health First Aid
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Basic MHFA
Supporting Evidence
Basic MHFA and the Nursing Associate
Green Flag
Touch Point
Mental Health
Yellow Flag
Basic MHFA
Take Note
Approach, Assess and Assist
Orange Flag
Red Flag
Supporting Evidence
Listen and Communicate
Give Support and Information
Encourage Appropriate Professional Help
Encourage Other Support
Touch Point
Anxiety, Panic Attacks and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder
Supporting Evidence
Violet Flag
Depression
Supporting Evidence
Psychosis
Take Note
Professional Specialist Support
Green Flag
Touch Points Revisited
References
18 Basic First Aid
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
First Aid
Supporting Evidence
Violet Flag
Box 18.1 First Aid Kit Contents
First Aid and Nursing Associates
Green Flag
Touch Point
Primary Survey
Danger
Orange Flag
Response
Airway
Breathing
Supporting Evidence
Circulation
Yellow Flag
Take Note
Secondary Survey
Disability
Red Flag
Head‐to‐Toe Examination
History and Symptoms
Take Note
Basic Life Support
Choking
Bleeding
Shock
Burns
Blue Flag
Supporting Evidence
Fractures
Nosebleed
Seizures
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Touch Points Revisited
References
19 Pain
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Violet Flag
What is Pain?
Pain Physiology
Pain Sensation
Pain Transmission
Pain Interpretation
Yellow Flag Pain and Culture
Pain is an Individual Experience
Take Note Pain Is What the Individual Says It Is
Deep or Superficial Pain
Take Note Acute Abdominal Pain
Acute and Chronic Pain
Acute Pain
Red Flag Acute Pain
Acute Pain and Breathing
Acute Pain and the Heart
Acute Pain and Mobility
Acute Pain and Nutrition
Orange Flag Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Take Note Impact of Unresolved Pain on Well‐being
Chronic Pain
Touch Point Listening to People Living with Chronic Pain
Green Flag Treat People as Individuals and Uphold Their Dignity
Supportive Evidence The Royal College of Nursing (RCN)
Pain Assessment
Touch Point The Importance of Non‐verbal Cues
Structured Pain Assessments
Supporting EvidencePain Rating Scales
Assessing the Physiological Impact of Pain
Assessing the Impact of Pain on Well‐Being
Blue Flag
Touch Point Holistic Approaches to Pain Assessment
Conclusion
References
Unit 2 Procedures for Provision of Person‐Centred Nursing Care
20 Promoting Comfort in Bed
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Supporting Evidence
Yellow Flag
Violet Flag
The Importance of Patient Positioning
Red Flag
Key Principles of Patient Positioning
Green Flag
Principle 1 – Maintaining Correct Body Alignment
Principle 2 – Adequate Support and Positioning Aids to Help with Alignment
Take Note
Positioning Aids
Principle 3 – Regular Repositioning – Based on Risk Assessments, Clinical Findings, Patient’s Condition and Choice
How Pressure Ulcers Develop
Intrinsic Factors
Extrinsic Factors
Box 20.1 Some Intrinsic Risk Factors
Box 20.2 Some Extrinsic Factors
Take Note
Areas of the Body at Risk
Pressure Relief (Pressure Area Care)
Supporting Evidence
Pressure‐Relieving Equipment
Touch Point
Bed Choices
Mattress Choice
Heel Protection/Offloading
Take Note
Commonly Used Patient Positions
Orange Flag
Less Commonly Used in Clinical Practice
Other Factors
Self‐Care
Hydration
Nurse Call System
Blue Flag
Conclusion
References
21 Maintaining Privacy and Dignity
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Violet Flag
Privacy
Blue Flag
Breach of Privacy/Confidentiality
Box 21.1 Spatial Privacy
Box 21.2 Information Privacy
Take Note
Take Note
Caldicott Guardians
Supporting Evidence
Dignity
Box 21.3 Seven Caldicott Principles
Touch Point
Touch Point Delivering dignified care
Yellow Flag
Conclusion
References
22 Promoting Sleep
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Fundamental Physiology of Sleep
What are Circadian Rhythms?
Controlling Circadian Rhythms
Touch Point Optic Nerves
Stages of Sleep
Number of Sleep Hours
Take Note
Sleep Deprivation. What are the Causes of Sleep Deprivation?
Red Flag
Consequences of Sleep Deprivation
Red Flag Sleep deprivation has been linked to multiple pathologies including
Sleep Disorders. Insomnia
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Narcolepsy
Willis–Ekbom Disease
Nursing Associate’s Role in Promoting Sleep
Box 22.1 Recommendations for a Quality Night’s Sleep
Take Note Nursing associate interventions to promote sleep
Conclusion
References
Unit 3 Provide Care and Support with Hygiene and The Maintenance of Skin Integrity
23 Reassessment of Skin
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
General Considerations. Skin Layers and Functions of the Skin
Take Note
Touch Point
Common Dermatological Conditions
Touch Points Revisited
Red Flag
Blue Flag
Yellow Flag
Supporting Evidence
Consent
Privacy and Dignity
Supporting Self‐Care
Pain Assessment
Escalation of Skin Changes
Violet Flag
Yellow Flag Psychosocial Impact of Skin Conditions
Pressure Ulcers
Skin Assessment
Skin Integrity in Areas of Pressure
Variations
Pain and Discomfort
Colour Changes or Discoloration
Pressure Ulcer Categories. Category 1: Non‐Blanchable Erythema of Intact Skin
Category 2: Partial‐Thickness Skin Loss with Exposed Epidermis
Category 3: Full‐Thickness Skin Loss
Category 4: Full‐Thickness Skin and Tissue Loss
Unstageable/Depth Unknown: Obscured Full‐Thickness Skin and Tissue Loss
Suspected Deep Tissue Injury: Persistent Non‐Blanchable Deep Red, Maroon or Purple Discoloration
Medical Device–Related Pressure Ulcer
Timing and Frequency of Reassessment in Accordance with Nice Guidance
How to Carry Out an Effective Skin Assessment
Green Flag
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Take Note
Documentation
Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment
Psoriasis Assessment
Impact of Skin Disease Assessment
Occupational Skin Disease Questionnaire
Body Maps
Touch Point
Take Note
Touch Points Revisited
References
24 Supporting a Person’s Skin Integrity
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Take Note
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Violet Flag ‘Sleeping Rough’ and Skin Health
Supporting Evidence
Key Considerations
Prevention of Skin Breakdown
Moisture Lesions
Red Flag Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis
Using Appropriate Products to Prevent and Manage Skin Breakdown. Cleansing Vulnerable Skin
Emollients
Barrier Products
Skin Cleansers
Green Flag
Medications to Support Skin Integrity
Consent
Privacy and Dignity
Yellow Flag Spiritual and Religious Aspects of Skin
Supporting Self‐Care and Patient Education
Documentation and Reporting Concerns
Take Note
Blue Flag The Impact of Skin Disease and Wounds on Body Image and Relationships
Orange FlagPsychological and Social Implications of Aging Skin with Skin Disease
Touch Points Revisited
References
25 Reassessment of Hygiene Status Supporting a Person’s Hygiene Needs
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Supporting Evidence
Orange Flag
Reassessment of Personal Hygiene Needs
Green Flag
Yellow Flag
Assessment Across the Life Course
Promotion of Independence with Personal Hygiene
Supporting Evidence
Take Note
Communication
Green Flag Legislation/ Professional Issues
Take Note
Privacy and Dignity
Touch Point
Infection Control/Risk Management
Patient Preferences
Violet Flag
Touch Point
Skin
Red Flag
Female Personal Hygiene
Violet Flag
Conclusion
References
26 Providing Oral and Dental Care
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Red Flag
Anatomy and Physiology of the Oral Cavity
Some Causes of Poor Oral and Dental Health
Touch Point
Consequences of Poor Oral and Dental Health
Red Flag
Take Note
Assessment of The Oral Cavity. Green Flag
Appendix C
Box 26.1 Key Points Regarding Mouth and Dental Care Assessment
Take Note
Interventions to Maintain Oral and Dental Health. Oral and dental care
Take Note
Denture Care
Take Note
Box 26.2 Oral and Dental Care
Referral
Violet Flag
Green Flag
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence
Conclusion
References
27 Providing Eye Care
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Orange Flag
Touch Point
Red Flag
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Eye Care
References
28 Providing Nail Care
Chapter Aim
Learning Objectives
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Orange Flag
Red Flag
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Nail Care
Blue Flag
Touch Point
Yellow Flag
Green Flag
Violet Flag
Touch Points Revisited
References
29 Monitoring of Wounds and Providing Wound Care
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Blue Flag
Green Flag
The Skin
Orange Flag
Touch Point
Skin Changes and Age
Infant Skin
Adolescent Skin
The Older Adult’s Skin
Types of Wound
Classification of Wounds
Acute Wounds
Chronic Wounds
Supporting Evidence European Wound Management Association
Wound Healing
Red Flag
Monitoring Wounds
Wound Care
Review and Assessment
Box 29.1 Principles Underpinning Wound Care
Box 29.2 Considerations to be Taken into Account when Conducting Initial and Ongoing Wound Reviews
Blue Flag
Violet Flag
Measuring a Wound
Touch Point
Ruler/Linear Measurement
Photography
Grids
Wound Depth
Take Note
Conclusion
References
Unit 4 Provide Support with Nutrition and Hydration
30 Using Nutritional Assessment Tools
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Promoting Health and Preventing Ill Health
Orange Flag
Physical Health Factors
Social Factors
Violet Flag
Psychological Factors
Touch Point
Provide and Monitor Care – Nutritional Assessment
Promoting Health and Preventing Ill Health
Box 30.1 Signs and Symptoms of Malnutrition
Supporting Evidence
Providing and Monitoring Care – Nutritional Assessment
Green Flag
Height and Weight
Measuring Height and Weight
Body Mass Index
Orange Flag
Weight Loss History
History of Illness
Supporting Evidence
Take Note
Nutritional Intervention
Types of Nutritional Intervention. Oral Nutritional Intervention
Enteral Tube Nutrition
Complications of Nasogastric Feeding
Complications of Gastrostomy Feeding Tubes
Parenteral Nutrition
Working in Teams – Nutritional Intervention
Conclusion
References
31 Assisting People with Feeding and Drinking
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Reasons Why People Require Assistance
Supporting Evidence
Red Flag
Being an Accountable Professional
Swallow Assessment
Take Note
Working in Teams
Take Note
The Care Environment
Orange Flag
Guidelines on How to Assist a Person with Eating and Drinking
Improving Safety and Quality of Care
Box 31.1 Procedure to be Undertaken to Assist a Person to Eat Their Meal
Blue Flag
Yellow Flag
Touch Point
Monitoring Care and Promoting Health and Preventing Ill Health
Integrated Care
Discharge Planning
Violet Flag
Conclusion
References
32 Fluid Balance
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Fluid and Electrolytes in the Body
Movement of Fluid and Electrolytes
The Maintenance of Fluid Balance
Fluid Balance
Red Flag
Fluid Overload
Red Flag
Dehydration or fluid loss
Supporting Evidence
Being an Accountable Professional
Assessment
Take Note
Urine
Weight
The Fluid Balance Chart
Fluid Input and Output – Measurement
Working in Teams
Take Note
Complications and Management of Dehydration
Complications and Management of Fluid Overload
Practical Assistance
Violet Flag
Promoting Health and Preventing Ill Health
Orange Flag
Touch Point
Conclusion
References
Unit 5 Provide Support with Maintaining Bladder and Bowel Health
33 Observing and Monitoring Urinary and Bowel Continence
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Orange Flag
Blue Flag
Violet Flag
Green Flag
Touch Point
Urinary Continence
Red Flag
Bowel (Faecal) Continence
Supporting Evidence Continence resource (RCN 2019a)
Box 33.1 Continence Assessment and Communication Skills
The Importance of Individualised Assessment
Take Note
Yellow Flag
Box 33.3 Points to Consider in the Assessment of Continence. Touch Point
Red Flag
Conclusion
References
34 Recognising Bladder and Bowel Patterns
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Touch Point
Green Flag
Urinary Incontinence
Women (NICE 2015)
Men (NICE 2010)
Red Flag
Bowel Incontinence
Underlying Causes of Bowel Incontinence and High‐Risk Groups
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence Continence resource (RCN 2019a) and Bowel Care (RCN 2019b)
Incontinence in Children
Orange Flag
Incontinence in Adults – The Importance of Assessment
Violet Flag
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Conclusion
References
35 Care and Management of People with Urinary Catheters
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Functions of the Urinary System
Urinary Catheters
Indications for a Catheter
Green Flag
Box 35.1 Some Indications for the Use of Urinary Catheters
Touch Points
Risks and Potential Complications of Urinary Catheterisation
Red Flag
Take Note
Types of Catheter
Yellow Flag
Touch Point
Blue Flag
Orange Flag
Catheterisation
Providing Catheter Care
Take Note
Violet Flag
Box 35.2 Insertion of a Urinary Catheter
How to Empty the Catheter Bag
Measuring Urine Output
Supporting Evidence
How to Remove a Catheter
Conclusion
References
36 Assisting with Toileting, Choosing and Using Appropriate Continence Products
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014: Regulation 10
Blue Flag
Toileting
Orange Flag
Take Note
Touch Point
Containment Products
Supporting Evidence
Red Flag
Touch Point
Take Note
Conclusion
References
Unit 6 Provide Support with Mobility and Safety
37 Risk Assessment Tools Associated with Mobility and Falls
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Definition of a Fall
Statistics and Incidence
Red Flag
Orange Flag
Those at Risk of Falling
Consequences of a Fall
Touch Point
Causes of Falls
In a Person’s Home
When a Person is Out and About
In a Hospital or Residential Health Facility
Yellow Flag
Assessment and Prevention in the Community (General) Strength and Balance Training
Medication Review
Supporting Evidence
Take Note
Sight Tests
Foot Care
Alcohol
Assessment and Prevention – Home
Home Hazard Assessment
Violet Flag
Assessment and Prevention – Hospital and Residential Health Facility
Baseline Observations
Medical Review
Physiotherapy Review
Feet and Footwear
Eyes
Touch Point
Occupational Therapy
Blue Flag
Bedrails
Green Flag
Low Beds
Take Note
Falls Indicator
Call Bells
Falls Assessment and Care Plan
Touch Point
If a Patient Has Had a Fall
Take Note
Touch Points – Revisited
References
38 Using a Range of Moving and Handling Techniques, Aids and Equipment
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
The Nursing Associate Proficiencies
The Law and Moving and Handling
Green Flag
The Health and Safety At Work Act 1974 (HSWA)
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (MHSWR)
Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 as Amended in 2002 (MHOR)
Yellow Flag
Touch Point
Lifting Operation and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) and the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)
Supporting Evidence
Lifting Operation and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER)
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)
Take Note
Keeping Your Back, Neck and Shoulders Healthy
Some Ways of Keeping the Back, Neck and Shoulders Healthy. Exercise and Activity Reduce and Prevent Back Pain
Get Good Quality Sleep
You can have Back Pain Without Any Damage or Injury
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Key Safe Principles of Moving and Handling
Take Note
Risk Assessment
Task
Individual Capability
Blue Flag
Load or Person
Environment
Violet Flag
Equipment
Other Influencing Factors
Practical Moving and Handling
Touch Points
Use of Hoist and Slings
Red Flag
Hoist and Sling Checks. Hoist
Slings
Other Equipment Used for the Safe Moving and Handling of Patients
Touch Points Revisited
References
Unit 7 Provide Support with Respiratory Care
39 Managing the Administration of Oxygen
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Oxygen
Oxygen in the Blood
Medical Oxygen
Red Flag
High Concentration Oxygen Therapy
Low Concentration Oxygen Therapy
Red Flag
Oxygen Requirements
Box 39.1 Indications for Oxygen Therapy in Acute Illness
The Different Types of Oxygen Therapy
Identifying the Need for Supplementary Oxygen Therapy
Red Flag
Take Note
Vital Signs
Orange Flag
Violet Flag
Yellow Flag
Potential Complications of Oxygen Therapy
Touch Point
Methods of Oxygen Delivery
Nasal Cannulae
Facemask
Take Note
Venturi Mask
Reservoir Masks (Non‐Rebreathe Mask)
Preparing the Patient for Oxygen Therapy
Touch Points Revisited
References
40 Measuring Respiratory Status
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Oxygen Saturation
Red Flag
Pulse Oximetry. Introduction to the Pulse Oximeter
What a Pulse Oximeter Measures
Red Flag
Box 40.1 Definitions of Terms Related to Oxygenation and Respiratory Failure
Green Flag
Take Note
Orange Flag
Take Note
Box 40.2 Take Note 1: Factors That Can Affect Pulse Oximetry Readings
Preparation and Equipment
Procedure
Assessing the Need for Supplemental Oxygen Therapy
Box 40.3 Special Considerations That Might Affect a Patient’s Respiration and Breathing
Violet Flag
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Peak Flow
Yellow Flag
Take Note
Red Flag
Presentation
Blue Flag
Red Flag
Frequency of PEFR Recording
When to Record PEFR
Indications for PEFR
Contraindications for PEFR
Advantages of PEFR
How to Measure PEFR. Preparation and Equipment
Procedure
Monitoring and Documentation
Take Note Advice to patients
Box 40.4 Supporting Evidence Box. Supporting Evidence Box
Take Note
Touch Points Revisited
References
41 Using Nasal and Oral Suctioning Techniques
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Touch Point
Suctioning
Violet Flag
Take Note
The Different Types of Oral and Nasal Suctioning
Indications for Suctioning
Orange Flag
Contraindications for Suctioning
Complications of Suctioning
Oral and Oropharyngeal Suctioning
Naso and Nasopharyngeal Suctioning
Red Flag
Take Note suctioning asepsis
Yankauer (Tonsil Tip) Suction Catheter
Procedure
Blue Flag
Informed Consent
Safety Considerations
Yellow Flag
Touch Point Revisited
References
42 Managing Inhalation, Humidifier and Nebuliser Devices
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Inhalers
Take Note
Choosing the Correct Inhaler
Take Note
Green Flag
Dry Powder Inhalers
Take Note
Pressurised Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI or pMDI)
Breath‐Actuated MDI (BApMDI)
Aerosol Holding Chamber (Spacer)
Inhaler Technique
Supporting Evidence
Orange Flag
Choosing Inhaler Types
Yellow Flag
Comparing Inhaler Types
Blue Flag
Nebuliser Therapy
Touch Point
Violet Flag
Box 42.1 Inhaled Therapy: Indications, Contraindications and Complications
Touch Point
Red Flag
Touch Point Revisited
References
Unit 8 Preventing and Managing Infection
43 Recognising and Responding Rapidly to Potential Infection Risk
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Recognising and Responding to Infection Risks
Violet Flag
Take Note
Blue Flag
Touch Points
Policies and Procedures to Prevent and Control Infection
Green Flag
Standard Precautions
Orange Flag
Take Note
Detecting Infection – Diagnostic Tests
Touch Point
MRSA Screening and Suppression
Take Note
Touch Point
Public Health Approaches to Prevent Infection
Red Flag
Yellow Flag
Supporting Evidence
Infection Control Glossary
Touch Points Revisited
References
44 Using Aseptic Non‐Touch Technique
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Asepsis and Aseptic Non‐Touch Technique
Take Note Asepsis
Green Flag
Touch Point Aseptic non‐touch technique to prevent infection
The Principles of Aseptic Non‐Touch Technique
Red Flag
Violet Flag
Take Note The principles of aseptic non‐touch technique
Key Parts
Take Note Applying principles to ensure safe care
Nursing Associate Proficiencies Associated with Aseptic Non‐Touch Technique
Green Flag
Variations in Standardised Practice
Supporting Evidence 1
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point Standardised Practice is Safer Practice
Orange Flag
Applying the Principles: Preparing to Undertake an Aseptic Non‐Touch Technique
Box 44.1 Applying the Principles of Aseptic Non‐touch Technique: An Example of General Preparation for Undertaking a Procedure Requiring an Aseptic Non‐touch Approach
Touch Point Applying the principles of aseptic non‐touch technique
Blue and Yellow Flags
Conclusion
References
45 Using Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Face Coverings, Surgical Masks and Respirator Masks
Glove Use
Yellow Flag
Take Note
Touch Point
Gowns and Aprons
Blue Flag
Take Note
Using Personal Protective Equipment: Individual and Organisation Issues
Take Note
Supporting Evidence
Accessibility and Storage of Personal Protective Equipment
Conclusion
References
46 Implementing Isolation Procedures
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Violet Flag
Source Isolation
Orange Flag
Take Note
Blue Flag
Red Flag
Contact Precautions
Box 46.1 Indications for contact isolation
Take Note
Droplet Precautions
Box 46.2 Droplet isolation precautions
Take Note
Red Flag
Airborne Precautions. Take Note
Box 46.3 Airborne isolation precautions
Protective Isolation
Box 46.4 Protective isolation precautions
Supporting Evidence
Conclusion
References
47 Using Hand Hygiene Techniques
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Clean Hands Save Lives
Green Flag Professional Standards and Hand Hygiene
How Healthcare Workers Spread Infections
Touch Point Why Hand Hygiene Techniques are Vital
Preparing to Perform Hand Hygiene
Supporting Evidence
Preventing Hai Requires Effective Hand Hygiene Techniques
Safe Decision‐Making: ABHRS or Liquid Soap and Water?
Touch Point When to Use and When Not to Use ABHR
Undertaking Hand Washing Using Soap and Water
Violet Flag – Turning Taps Off
Hand Drying and Skin Care
When to Perform Hand Hygiene Techniques
Take Note When to Undertake Hand Hygiene Techniques
Take Note Hand Hygiene and Glove Use
Best Practice Where Hand Hygiene Facilities are Limited
Green Flag National Policy on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare
How Hand Hygiene Embedded in Policy and Practice
Supporting Evidence
Conclusion
References
48 Decontaminating Equipment and the Environment
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Take Note Glossary
Supporting Evidence
Cleaning
Cleaning Levels
Cleaning Products
Water
Enzymatic (Proteolytic) Cleaners
Detergents
Supporting Evidence
General Principles of Cleaning
Cleaning Methods
Disinfection
Box 48.1 Cleaning and Disinfecting Mattresses. Touch Point Cleaning and disinfecting mattresses
Disinfection Levels
Disinfection Methods
Physical Methods
Chemical Methods
Box 48.2 Managing Blood and Bodily Fluids Spillages. Touch Point
Red Flag
Box 48.3 Decontamination further reading. Supporting Evidence
Sterilisation
Sterilisation Methods
Physical Methods
Take Note Autoclave
Chemical Methods
Take Note Medical Devices Package Symbols
Sterilisation Control Tests
Take Note COSHH Products
Conclusion
References
49 Safely Handling Waste, Laundry and Sharps
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Colour‐Code System
Touch Point
Single‐Use Devices
Red Flag
Supporting Evidence
Take Note
Handling and Disposal of Sharps
Touch Point
Laundry
Yellow Flag
Washing Your Own Uniform
Supporting Evidence
Conclusion
References
Unit 9 Meeting Needs for Care and Support at the End of Life
50 Recognising and Responding to the Needs of Those at the End of Their Lives
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Diagnosing Dying
Red Flag Potential reversible causes to exclude:
Box 50.1 Clinical Indicators of Dying: reaching the last days of life
Communication
Box 50.2 Challenges to starting difficult conversations with patients about end‐of‐life care:
Multi‐Professional Approach to End‐of‐Life Care
Advance Care Planning
Supporting Evidence Advance Care Planning
Preferred Place of Death
Yellow FlagCultural/religious beliefs and values
Discussing Plans After Death
Violet Flag Funerals for patients with no relatives/next of kin
Conclusion
References
51 Review of Care for People and Their Families at the End of Their Lives
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Stopping Treatment
Take Note
Violet Flag
Touch Point
Supporting Evidence DNAR & Mental Capacity
Symptom Management
Red Flag
Common Symptoms and How to Manage Them
Take Note
Spiritual Care
Yellow Flag
Box 51.1 Management of common symptoms at the end of life. Pain
Nausea and Vomiting
Respiratory Secretions
Breathlessness
Blue Flag
Orange Flag Terminal Restlessness and Agitation
Ethical Issues: Nutrition and Hydration in the Last Days of Life
Supporting Evidence Principles of Biomedical Ethics
Conclusion
References
52 Providing Care for the Deceased
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Communication
Box 52.1 Breaking the Bad News – Communication Model
Yellow Flag Religious or Cultural Awareness
Supporting Evidence Religion and Culture
Green Flag Legal Implications
Organ and Tissue Donation
Supporting Evidence Organ Donation
Box 52.2 Referral to the Coroner
Care of the Deceased Body
Yellow Flag Cultural Or Religious Considerations
Procedure
Red Flag Infectious Patients After Death
Removal of the Body
Bereavement Support for Family/Close Friends
Looking after Yourself
Conclusion
Box 52.4 Stages of Grief. Kubler–Ross model
References
Unit 10 Procedural Competencies for Administering Medicine Safely
53 Reviewing a Person’s Ability to Administer Their Own Medicines
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Green Flag
Self‐Administration of Medicines
Red Flag
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Self‐Administration: Maintaining Safety
Touch Point
Blue Flag
Violet Flag
Risk Assessment
Orange Flag
Yellow Flag
Take Note
Self‐Medication–Levels
Take Note
Conclusion
References
54 Undertaking Accurate Drug Calculations
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Mathematical Concepts
Green Flag
Whole Numbers and Fractions
Proper, Improper and Mixed Fractions
Example
Decimals
Mathematical Operations
Metric System. Touch Point
Multiplication By 10, 100 and 1000
Division By 10, 100, and 1000
Expression of Weight
Expression of Volume
Expression of Length
Conversion of Large Units to Smaller Units
Example
Example
Conversion of Small Units to Larger Units
Example
Example
Take Note
Clinical Calculations. Touch Point
Red Flag
Supporting Evidence. Human factors and medication errors: a case study
Solid Medications, that is Tablets, Capsules and Suppositories
Example
Example
Example
Take Note
Compound Medications
Example
Liquid Medications, that is Syrups and Injections
Example
Example
Infusion Rates
Example
Example
Weight‐Related Calculations
Example
Example
Take Note
Conclusion
References
55 Accountability in Ensuring the Safe Administration of Medicines
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Accountability
Red Flag Actions not permitted relating to medicines
Box 55.1 Routes of administration
Touch Point
Classification of Medications
Green Flag
Touch Point
Capacity and Consent
Touch Point
Yellow Flag
Take Note
Process of Administration
Violet Flag
Touch Point
Covert Medication
Orange Flag
Routes of Administration and Adverse Effects
Take Note
Enteral Administration
Oral
Red Flag
Sublingual and Buccal
Rectal
Blue Flag
Parenteral Administration
Subcutaneous Injection
Supporting Evidence
Conclusion
References
56 Administering Medicines
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Take Note
Green Flag
Touch Point
Safe Drug Administration
The Right Patient
Violet Flag
The Right Medication
The Right Dose
The Right Route
The Right Time
Touch Point
Administration of Oral Medication
Take Note
Green Flag
Preparing for Oral Drug Administration
Supporting Evidence
Administration Considerations
After Administration
Administration of Topical Medication
Take Note
Administration of Injections
Subcutaneous (SC) Injections
Intramuscular (IM) Injections
Yellow Flag
Other Injection Considerations. Skin preparation
Use of gloves
Needlestick injury
Touch Point
Administration of Inhaled Medications
Take Note
Administration of Rectal Medications
Yellow Flag
Suppositories
Enema
Take Note
Conclusion
References
57 Managing the Effectiveness of Symptom Relief Medications
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Difference Between a Sign and a Symptom
Red Flag
Take Note
Nursing Process
Yellow Flag
Take Note
Therapeutic Effect
Green Flag
Duration of Effect
Green Flag
Pain
Conclusion
References
58 Recognising and Responding to Adverse Effects of Medications
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Platforms in the nursing associate proficiencies
Touch Point
Recognising ADRs
Violet Flag
Touch Point
Touch Point
Green Flag
Allergic Reactions
Anaphylaxis
Red Flag
Box 58.1 Allergic reactions: patient‐related risk factors
Blue Flag
Anaphylaxis Presentation and Actions to Take
Orange Flag
Background to Medicine Safety
Reporting ADRs
Yellow Flag
Yellow Card System
Touch Point Reporting ADRs
Safety Critical Medications
Touch Points Revisited
Supporting Evidence and Useful Resources
References
59 Storage, Transportation and Disposal of Medicinal Products
Chapter Aim
Learning Outcomes
Test Your Knowledge Multiple Choice Questions
Introduction
Blue Flag
Legislation
Violet Flag Safety of medicines in the home
Yellow Flag
Green Flag
Regulatory Governance
Red Flag
Supporting Evidence
Touch Point
Medicines Requiring Ambient Temperatures
Touch Point
Safe Disposal
Take Note
Conclusion
References
Answers. Chapter 1 Theories and Models of Communication. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 2 Approaches to Effective Communication. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 3 Interpersonal Skills and Therapeutic Relationship Skills. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 4 Working in a Team. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 5 Listening Actively. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 6 Information Gathering. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 7 Escalating Concerns. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 8 Written Communication. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 9 Addressing Compliments and Complaints. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 10 Vital Signs. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 11 Venepuncture. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 12 ECG Recording. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 13 Blood Glucose Assessment. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 14 Specimen Collection. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 15 Recognising and Escalating Signs of All Forms Abuse. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 16 Recognising and Escalating Signs of Self‐harm and/or Suicidal Ideation. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 17 Basic Mental Health First Aid. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 18 Basic First Aid. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 19 Pain. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 20 Promoting Comfort in Bed. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 21 Maintaining Privacy and Dignity. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 22 Promoting Sleep. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 23 Reassessment of Skin. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 24 Supporting a Person’s Skin Integrity. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 25 Reassessment of Hygiene Status Supporting a Person’s Hygiene Needs. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 26 Providing Oral and Dental Care. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 27 Providing Eye Care. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 28 Providing Nail Care. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 29 Monitoring of Wounds and Providing Wound Care
Chapter 30 Using Nutritional Assessment Tools. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 31 Assisting People with Feeding and Drinking. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 32 Fluid Balance. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 33 Observing and Monitoring Urinary and Bowel Continence. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 34 Recognising Bladder and Bowel Patterns. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 35 Care and Management of People with Urinary Catheters. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 36 Assisting with Toileting, Choosing and Using Appropriate Continence Products. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 37 Risk Assessment Tools Associated with Mobility and Falls. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 38 Using a Range of Moving and Handling Techniques, Aids and Equipment. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 39 Managing the Administration of Oxygen. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 40 Measuring Respiratory Status. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 41 Using Nasal and Oral Suctioning Techniques. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 42 Managing Inhalation, Humidifier and Nebuliser Devices. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 43 Recognising and Responding Rapidly to Potential Infection Risk. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 44 Using Aseptic Non‐Touch Technique. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 45 Using Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 46 Implementing Isolation Procedures. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 47 Using Hand Hygiene Techniques. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 48 Decontaminating Equipment and the Environment. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 49 Safely Handling Waste, Laundry and Sharps. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 50 Recognising and Responding to the Needs of Those at the End of Their Lives. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 51 Review of Care for The People and Their Families at the End of Their Lives. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 52 Providing Care for the Deceased. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 53 Reviewing a Person’s Ability to Administer Their Own Medicines. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 54 Undertaking Accurate Drug Calculations. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 55 Accountability in Ensuring the Safe Administration of Medicines. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 56 Administering Medicines. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 57 Managing the Effectiveness of Symptom Relief Medications. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 58 Recognising and Responding to Adverse Effects of Medications. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 59 Storage, Transportation and Disposal of Medicinal Products. Test Yourself Multiple Choice Questions
Index
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