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“Mitigation,” requiring either the re-building of current structures or the development of modern construction projects, is essential to achive the goal of sustainable cities, but sometimes neglected or dismissed in the assumption that it is “too expensive”. There appears to be very reasonable cost appetite to remove some danger in some other controlled areas, for example by ordering the elimination of traces of asbestos from crews in hazmat suits or by allowing the elimination after several years of baby car seats due to plastic ageing.

Nation would stay trapped in the constant process of devastation–reconstruction. However, if the nation wants to see vital services and lifelines working following a tragedy, that is not always the case—the majority of the network should not be overlooked (Figure 1.15).

Figure 1.15 (a) Improve resilience structure, (b) Reduce probability structural loss, (c) Increase resilience pre earthquake and (d) Improve the structural loss.