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Pharmacologic treatment

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To date, no specific pharmacologic treatment is available for enhancement of general oropharyngeal swallowing function. Withdrawal of certain pharmacologic agents, such as antihistamines, anticholinergics, and particularly phenothiazines, may resolve medication‐induced OPD. Pharmacologic therapy directed at a specific reversible etiology of OPD, such as thyroid hormone replacement in patients with thyroid‐induced myopathy resulting in OPD, may result in resolution or amelioration of OPD.

The Esophagus

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