Читать книгу Bovine Reproduction - Группа авторов - Страница 274
Introduction
ОглавлениеWhen performing urogenital surgery in cattle, local and regional anesthesia are routinely utilized. They are a safe and effective alternative to general anesthesia in the large animal patient. Some benefits to using local and regional anesthesia include the need for minimal supplies to administer the necessary medications (anesthetic of choice, needles, and syringes), decreased risk of toxic effects, and minimizing bloat, regurgitation, and temporary or permanent nerve or muscle damage associated with positioning animals in recumbency. Many of the urogenital surgeries can be performed safely, rapidly, and humanely using physical restraint, sedation, and local or regional anesthesia. These techniques are easy to perform, the drug cost is minimal, and the effects are temporary and fairly well localized to the site of administration. This eliminates the widespread effects of general anesthesia on the entire body. The most common techniques used in bovine reproduction include infiltration anesthesia, nerve block anesthesia, and epidural anesthesia (Table 17.1).
Table 17.1 Common nerve blocks with landmarks and volume of lidocaine for reference.
| Nerve block | Landmark(s) | Volume of lidocaine |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal paravertebral | T13, L1, L2 | 6–8 ml ventral and dorsal to the transverse processes |
| Distal paravertebral | L1, L2, L4 | 10 ml dorsal and ventral to the transverse processes |
| Caudal epidural | S5–Co1, Co1–Co2 | 0.5 ml /45 kg |
| High‐volume caudal epidural | S5–Co1, Co1–Co2 | 1 ml/5 kg |
| Sacral paravertebral | S3, S4, S5 | 2–3 ml per foramina |
| Internal pudendal | Lesser sacrosciatic foramen | 20–75 ml per side |
| Castration | Skin and testicle | 5–10 ml subcutaneous; 10–15 ml/200 kg into testicle |
