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Other treatment methods include laser lithotripsy, basket catheter urolith retrieval, and bladder marsupialization. Laser lithotripsy and basket catheter urolith retrieval will only be briefly mentioned here due to their limited use at referral institutions. Bladder marsupialization is only briefly mentioned due to the high complication rate in bovines.

Removal of urethroliths via laser lithotripsy has been reported in the literature for steers, goats, and pot‐bellied pigs [35, 36]. An endoscope and laser fiber can be passed retrograde or normograde through an ischial urethrotomy [35]. Once the urethrolith is identified, the fiber is fired in a pulsatile fashion on the stone until fragmented enough to clear the urethra.

Basket catherization involves inserting a basket catheter into the urethral orifice and manipulating the instrument past the urethrolith. The instrument is opened, the urethrolith is maneuvered within the basket, and the catheter is removed. One report states a 55% successful urethrolith removal in calves [37] and another report successfully treated a bull with basket catherization while maintaining fertility [38].

Bladder marsupialization is often used in small ruminants as a last resort procedure with recurrent episodes of urethral obstruction. This procedure can also be utilized for detrusor muscle atony of the bladder. The apex of the bladder mucosa is sutured to the skin, allowing constant drainage of urine from the bladder. Numerous complications associated with this procedure include urine scald, bladder mucosa prolapse, stoma stricture, cystitis, and ascending pyelonephritis [12, 24, 25, 39]. It is not recommended for cattle. One study reported a mortality rate of 77% within two weeks of surgery [2]. Another study performed bladder marsupialization 12 hours after experimental induction of the urethral obstruction; of the six calves included in the study, one calf died and the remaining five calves had stoma stricture within three weeks postoperatively [40]. A novel procedure involving vesiculopreputial anastomosis has been described in small ruminants with a 50% success rate at six months postoperatively [41].