Читать книгу Processing of Ceramics - Группа авторов - Страница 4
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Оглавление1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Schematic design and transmission mechanism of sodium lamp using ...Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram of YAG single crystal grown by CZ method.Figure 1.3 (a) Optical quality image of Nd:YAG single crystal ingot and (b) ...Figure 1.4 Relationship between wavelength and in‐line transmittance for com...Figure 1.5 Illustration of optical scattering caused by various microstructu...Figure 1.6 (a) Reflection and (b) transmission microscopic photograph of 1%N...Figure 1.7 Relationship between optical scattering loss and amplifying numbe...Figure 1.8 (a) First demonstration of translucent alumina ceramics by Dr. Co...Figure 1.9 (a) Appearance of granulated Al2O3‐Y2O3 powders by spray drier an...Figure 1.10 Pore distribution of Al2O3‐Y2O3 green body after cold isostatic ...Figure 1.11 (a) Image of removing pores from polycrystalline ceramics by hot...Figure 1.12 (a) TEM image of Y3Al5O12(YAG) ceramics including excess SiO2 ne...Figure 1.13 Transmission spectra of Nd:YAG single crystal and polycrystallin...Figure 1.14 (a) Fracture surface of Nd:YAG ceramics by SEM and (b) lattice s...Figure 1.15 (a) Schematic setup of laser tomography with 1 μm light source, ...Figure 1.16 (a) Appearance of Nd:YAG ceramics with 300 mm length, (b) Schlie...Figure 1.17 Comparative data of (a) Polycrystalline and (b) single crystal b...Figure 1.18 Transmittance spectra between UV (vacuum) ~ infrared wavelength ...Figure 1.19 (a) Optical loss at 1064 nm and laser tomography at 633 nm of po...Figure 1.20 (a) He–Ne laser irradiation test and (b‐1) original and (b‐2‐4) ...Figure 1.21 Optical inspection of polycrystalline Spinel Ceramics by sinteri...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Schematic energy diagram of (a) three‐level laser (Yb‐doped) and ...Figure 2.2 Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation in the op...Figure 2.3 Fabrication flow sheet of Nd:YAG ceramics.Figure 2.4 (a) First demonstration of Q‐CW laser oscillator using Nd:YAG cer...Figure 2.5 (a) Laser performance of 7%Yb:YAG ceramics pumped by 940 nm LD....Figure 2.6 (a) Appearance of 0.6%Nd:YAG slab ceramics (165 × 55 × 6 mm) whic...Figure 2.7 Emission cross sections of Nd:Y3ScxAl5−xO12 ceramics (x = 0...Figure 2.8 (a) Schematic diagram for a mode‐locked system. Source: Reprinted...Figure 2.9 Appearance of Y2O3‐Tb2O3 (including Tb4+ ions) single crystal by ...Figure 2.10 Fabrication flow sheet of transparent Nd‐doped Y2O3 ceramics.Figure 2.11 Appearance of Nd‐ and Yb‐doped Y2O3, and Tm‐ and Er‐doped Lu2O3 ...Figure 2.12 (a) External view, (b) Schlieren, and (c) transmission spectrum ...Figure 2.13 (a) Absorption and emission spectrum of Er:Sc2O3 ceramics.(b...Figure 2.14 (a) Appearance and microstructure, (b) cw laser performance, and...Figure 2.15 (a) Optical transmission of 2%Yb:CaF2 transparent ceramics windo...Figure 2.16 Dependence of the average output power on the absorbed pump powe...Figure 2.17 Appearance of Cr‐doped ZnSe, and Fe‐doped ZnSe ceramics by hot p...Figure 2.18 Absorption and fluorescence spectra of (a) Cr‐doped ZnSe, ZnS, a...Figure 2.19 SEM micrographs of the surfaces of the polycrystalline YAG fiber...Figure 2.20 Output power as a function of input power for the HR + Fresnel c...Figure 2.21 (a) X‐ray diffraction pattern of FAP powder as a raw material fo...Figure 2.22 (a) Experimental configuration of the confirming of laser grade ...Figure 2.23 Schematics of optical scattering in fine‐grained non‐cubic ceram...Figure 2.24 Transmitted spectrum and loss coefficient of Nd:FAP ceramics. Th...Figure 2.25 Effect of CAPAD temperature on the relative density of undoped a...Figure 2.26 (a) PL emission spectra for the 0.25 and 0.35 at.% Nd3+:Al2O3 sa...Figure 2.27 Forward single pass experimental setup for evaluating EDFA perfo...Figure 2.28 Transmission Spectra of Sapphire Crystals with 3 mm thickness by...Figure 2.29 Various configurations of producible composite element and their...Figure 2.30 (a) Appearance of YAG‐Nd:YAG‐YAG waveguide structured composite ...Figure 2.31 (a) Appearance of cylindrical clad‐micro‐core structured composi...Figure 2.32 (a) Appearance of end‐cap structured YAG‐Nd:YAG‐YAG slab before ...Figure 2.33 Nd:YAG (core)‐Sm:YAG (cladding = supersaturated absorber) compos...Figure 2.34 (a) YAG‐Nd:YAG‐YAG composite with 11 layers. (b) Five‐layer comp...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Development history of primary single crystal scintillator [2, 3]...Figure 3.2 Scintillation mechanism of activator‐doped inorganic scintillator...Figure 3.3 A photo showing different inorganic scintillation single crystal ...Figure 3.4 (a) Photograph of SrI2:Eu crystal grown by a modified micro‐pulli...Figure 3.5 Single crystal scintillation element used in CMS calorimetric det...Figure 3.6 Crystallographic structure of LSO showing 2 Lu sites Lu1 and Lu2,...Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of LSO single crystal growth by Czochralski met...Figure 3.8 Top: A LYSO ingot grown by SIPAT with constant diameter of 60 and...Figure 3.9 Semitransparent LSO:Ce ceramic of the thickness of 1 mm.Figure 3.10 Schematic of garnet crystal structure.Figure 3.11 Garnets single crystals: (a) LuAP:Pr with 20 mm diameter and 50 ...Figure 3.12 TEM morphologies of the LuAG nanopowders synthesized by co‐preci...Figure 3.13 (a) Transmittance of LuAG:Pr ceramic samples with aliovalent sin...Figure 3.14 Pictures of: (a) gel‐cast; (b) calcined; (c) vacuum sintered; an...Figure 3.15 Photos of the GGAG:Ce3+,xYb3+ (x = 0, 0.03, 0.09, 0.15, 0.3 at.%...Figure 3.16 Depiction of the two Lu3+ symmetry sites in Lu2O3.Figure 3.17 Photographs and scatterometry of ceramics after 1850 °C HIP trea...Figure 3.18 (a) Normalized emission spectra under X‐ray excitation of LYSO:C...Figure 3.19 XANES spectra of LYSO:Ce,Mg and LYSO:Ce,Ca single crystals compa...Figure 3.20 TSL glow curves of the LuAG:Ce single crystals SC‐1820, SC‐1700,...Figure 3.21 (a) LuAl anti‐site defect in LuAG structure. Insert upper figure...Figure 3.22 Sketch of the scintillation mechanism at the stable Ce3+ (left) ...Figure 3.23 (a) LY of LuAG:Ce,Mg ceramics versus Mg2+ co‐doping (measured wi...Figure 3.24 Scintillation decay profiles of GGAG:Ce and Ca2+‐co‐doped GGAG:C...Figure 3.25 (a) Idealized fragment of LuAG crystal structure by experiment....Figure 3.26 Absorption spectra (a), TSL curves (b) and pulse‐height spectra ...Figure 3.27 XEL emission integrals of the 5d‐4f (250–450 nm), 4f‐4f (450–700...Figure 3.28 Energy level scheme related to the “band‐gap engineering”. VB an...Figure 3.29 Energy spectra of GAGG:1 at.%Ce and LYSO:Ce standard excited by ...Figure 3.30 Pulse height spectrum acquired with a 137Cs source shows that a ...Figure 3.31 Afterglow ~5 sec after the removal of UV excitation seen by the ...Figure 3.32 (a) TSL glow curves for LuAG:Pr and LuYAG:Pr integrated into the...Figure 3.33 Afterglow intensity and light output as a function of Ce content...Figure 3.34 Energy band diagram of GOS and position of the ground 4fn levels...Figure 3.35 A comparison of radioluminescence spectra of Lu2O3:5 at.%Eu scin...Figure 3.36 The effect on luminescence intensity of doping different lanthan...Figure 3.37 (a) Sketch of flat panel imaging. (b) Photographs of laser‐cut c...Figure 3.38 (a) The photograph of the polished bilayer structure LuAG:Pr/LuA...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 (a) Electric field and magnetic field in electromagnetic wave, (b...Figure 4.2 Magnetic hysteresis image for ferromagnetic (ferrimagnetic) and p...Figure 4.3 Setup for measuring the Verdet constant of paramagnetic materials...Figure 4.4 Polarization characteristics of Dy2O3 ceramics with 7 mm thicknes...Figure 4.5 An example of measurement results for the insertion loss and exti...Figure 4.6 Image of thermal and refractive index distribution in a medium fo...Figure 4.7 Image of refractive index of light in index ellipsoid.Figure 4.8 Relationship between the laser fluence and damage probability to ...Figure 4.9 Damage cracks in (a) TGG single crystal and (b) TGG ceramic sampl...Figure 4.10 TGG ceramics samples.Figure 4.11 A photograph of TGG ceramics samples [25].Figure 4.12 A photograph of TGG ceramics samples (a) and transmittance curve...Figure 4.13 (a) Schematic showing the experimental setup for investigating T...Figure 4.14 A photograph of the TAG ceramics.Figure 4.15 Transmittance calculated from Fresnel loss and in‐line transmitt...Figure 4.16 Appearance of (a) rod‐shaped ceramics and (b) disk‐shaped TAG ce...Figure 4.17 Temperature dependence of the Verdet constant of different ceram...Figure 4.18 Crystal structure characterization and effect on optical transpa...Figure 4.19 In‐line transmission spectra and photo of the studied (DyxY0.95−...Figure 4.20 (a) Appearance of the produced Dy2O3 ceramics, (b) outside view ...Figure 4.21 Extinction characteristics of the Dy2O3 ceramics with 7 mm thick...Figure 4.22 In‐line transmittance curves of the (Tb0.6Y0.4)2O3 and Tb2O3 cer...Figure 4.23 Relationship between the concentration of Tb ions in (TbxY1−x...Figure 4.24 Faraday rotation characteristics of the TYO ceramics in comparis...Figure 4.25 (a) XRD patterns of Ho2O3 ceramics. The inset is a photo of the ...Figure 4.26 Wavelength dependence of the Verdet constant of THO ceramics in ...Figure 4.27 In‐line transmittance spectra of YIG ceramics after pressureless...Figure 4.28 (a) Open nicol and (b) crossed nicol of YIG ceramics measured by...Figure 4.29 (a) Transmittance spectra of Bi‐doped GIG single crystal by LPE ...Figure 4.30 Faraday rotation angle of produced (BixY3−x)Fe5O12 ceramic...Figure 4.31 (a) Conventional TEM image and (b) lattice structure around grai...Figure 4.32 Faraday rotation angle of produced (CexY3−x)Fe5O12 ceramic...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 (a) 1880s illustration of the nightly illumination of a gaslight ...Figure 5.2 (a) Lucalox (left) and regular alumina (right) ceramic disk illus...Figure 5.3 (a) The schematic market size of LEDs in Japan; (b) temporal deve...Figure 5.4 (a) Historical evolution of the performance (lm/W) of commercial ...Figure 5.5 (a) The LED operation principle, (b) radiative recombination of a...Figure 5.6 (a) Schematic imaging of a packaged round LED; (b) schematic LED ...Figure 5.7 Chip designs for blue‐emitting InGaN LEDs: (a) schematic of a fli...Figure 5.8 Approaches to solid‐state white sources for general lighting appl...Figure 5.9 External quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of AlGaInP‐ and GaInAs‐based...Figure 5.10 (a) “Full conversion” and (b) “partial conversion” concepts of t...Figure 5.11 (a) Article of the Japanese newspaper Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun on t...Figure 5.12 (a) Unit cell of garnet structure with dodecahedron {A} site, oc...Figure 5.13 (a) Simplified illustration of the effect of Coulombic field, sp...Figure 5.14 Schematic configurational coordinate diagram of Ce3+ in YAG.Figure 5.15 (a) Schematic model of energy shift of Ce3+ and electron transfe...Figure 5.16 (a) The flowchart to obtain quantum yield (QY) of ceramic phosph...Figure 5.17 Luminous efficacy (lm/W) of human eyes in photopic vision (light...Figure 5.18 The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) 1931 color‐ma...Figure 5.19 (a) CIE chromaticity diagram (color space) including the color t...Figure 5.20 (a) Test color samples from No.1 to 15.(b) a depiction of an...Figure 5.21 Three methods of generating white light from LEDs: (a) red + gre...Figure 5.22 Power‐conversion efficiencies versus input power density of a st...Figure 5.23 (a) Photographs, (b) In‐line transmittance, (c) PL spectra and C...Figure 5.24 (a) Surface SEM image of HSYAG2. (b) Confocal laser scanning mic...Figure 5.25 (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the YAG:Ce–Al2OFigure 5.26 (a) Photographs and (b) XRD patterns of Al2O3‐Ce:TAG ceramics wi...Figure 5.27 (a) Photographs of GAGG:xCe3+ transparent ceramics. Normalized P...Figure 5.28 (a) Photographs of SPS‐processed ceramics on back‐lit text. (b) ...Figure 5.29 (a) Description of transparent LuAG:Ce ceramics fabricating proc...Figure 5.30 (a) Picture of as prepared transparent ceramics (b) PL spectra o...Figure 5.31 (a) Secondary and backscatter detector SEM micrographs for sampl...Figure 5.32 (a) Illustration of GRP‐coated PCP and white LED under operation...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Functional layers on transparent armor concept design.Figure 6.2 Schematic light transmission phenomena in a polycrystalline ceram...Figure 6.3 Diagram of the crystal structure of MgAl2O4. Reproduced from [92]...Figure 6.4 Phase diagram of magnesium aluminate spinel.Figure 6.5 Appearance of MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics fabricated in Raytheon...Figure 6.6 Large‐sized transparent spinel ceramics prepared in TA&T [100].Figure 6.7 (a) Real in‐line transmittance as a function of the sample thickn...Figure 6.8 In‐line transmittance of the Co:MgAl2O4 ceramics pre‐sintered at ...Figure 6.9 In‐line transmission of the MgAl2O4 spinel ceramic and normalized...Figure 6.10 Photograph (a) and the in‐line transmittance (b) of the MgAl2O4 ...Figure 6.11 Flexural strength of MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics as a function ...Figure 6.12 Microstructure of spinel ceramics by (a) transmission, (b) trans...Figure 6.13 Optical inspection of spinel ceramics by sintering method and sp...Figure 6.14 In‐line transmittance curves of spinel single crystal by Vn and ...Figure 6.15 Phase diagram for the Al2O3‐AlN composition.Figure 6.16 Some mainstream applications of AlON transparent ceramics: (a) i...Figure 6.17 The photo (a) of commercial AlON transparent ceramics and the tr...Figure 6.18 (a) Optical images and (b) in‐line transmittance of the transpar...Figure 6.19 (a) Photographs and (b) in‐line transmittance of the AlON transp...Figure 6.20 Photograph of the AlON transparent ceramics sintered by pressure...Figure 6.21 FESEM micrographs and EBSD orientation maps of the AlON ceramics...Figure 6.22 Diagram of the crystal structure of Al2O3.Figure 6.23 Comparison of transparency between (a) pure TM‐DAR and (b) zirco...Figure 6.24 Photographs of transparent Er: Al2O3 ceramics. (the sample is ∼3...Figure 6.25 Photographs of the transparent Al2O3 ceramics before and after a...Figure 6.26 Photographs and SEM micrographs of transparent Al2O3 ceramics si...Figure 6.27 Coordination structure of YAG crystal.Figure 6.28 SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces of YAG transparent ceramics...Figure 6.29 Photograph and in‐line transmission curves of Y3(1 + x)...Figure 6.30 Diagram of the crystal structure of Y2O3.Figure 6.31 Phase diagram of Y2O3.Figure 6.32 Photographs and in‐line transmittance of Y2O3 ceramics doped wit...Figure 6.33 Fracture surfaces of Y2O3 ceramics doped with (a) 0 mol%, (b) 0....Figure 6.34 “(a) TEM image of Y2O3 powders calcined at 1250 °C and (b) high‐...Figure 6.35 In‐line transmittance of Y2O3 ceramics vacuum sintered at 1800 °...Figure 6.36 Photographs of the Y2O3 samples after HIP treatment at (a) 1500 ...Figure 6.37 Photograph of the HIP post‐treated Y2O3 ceramic (1 mm thick)....Figure 6.38 Optical transmission micrographs of Y2O3 transparent ceramics pr...Figure 6.39 Diagram of the three crystal structures of ZrO2.Figure 6.40 The binary phase diagram of ZrO2‐Y2O3.Figure 6.41 Photographs and in‐line transmittance curves of transparent 8YSZ...Figure 6.42 Photographs and in‐line transmittance curves of transparent 10YS...Figure 6.43 (a) Photograph and (b) in‐line transmittance of the Y0.16Zr0.84OFigure 6.44 Photograph of c‐YSZ disk produced by SPS at 1100 °C for 10 min u...Figure 6.45 SEM image of the fracture surface of c‐YSZ disks densified by SP...Figure 6.46 Photographs of (a) the c‐YSZ ceramic produced by SPS at 1100 °C ...Figure 6.47 TEM images of the (a) as‐sintered c‐YSZ and (b) annealed c‐YSZ. ...Figure 6.48 (a) In‐line transmission of t‐YSZ ceramics (0.5 mm thick) presin...Figure 6.49 SEM micrographs of the etched surface of the HIP‐processed t‐YSZ...Figure 6.50 Total forward transmission of (a) SPS‐HIPed and (b) SPS‐HIP‐anne...Figure 6.51 Fracture toughness and TFT at a wavelength of 640 nm of SPS‐HIP ...Figure 6.52 Photograph of MgO ceramic HIPed at 1600 °C for 0.5 h (1 mm thick...Figure 6.53 Photograph of MgO and MgO‐CaO ceramics (1 mm thick).Figure 6.54 Infrared and uv–vis/near‐infrared transmission of nano‐grained M...Figure 6.55 Photographs and transmission spectra of MgO ceramics SPSed at 90...Figure 6.56 The pseudo‐binary phase diagram of MgO‐Y2O3.Figure 6.57 IR transmission spectra of the Y2O3‐MgO nanocomposite ceramics w...Figure 6.58 IR transmission spectra of the as‐sintered Y2O3‐MgO nanocomposit...Figure 6.59 BSE photograph of MgO‐Y2O3 nanocomposite ceramics sintered at 13...Figure 6.60 IR transmission spectra of Y2O3‐MgO nanocomposites (0.9 mm thick...Figure 6.61 (a) Transmission spectra of single crystal MgO, polycrystalline ...Figure 6.62 MgF2 single crystal (left) and transparent ceramic (right).Figure 6.63 Transmittance spectra of MgF2 transparent ceramic (red) and sing...Figure 6.64 Typical transmission spectrum for transparent polycrystalline sp...Figure 6.65 Single‐hit high‐speed impact resistance of potential strike face...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Error map of the surface figure for the polished laser gain mediu...Figure 7.2 Error map of the surface roughness for the polished laser gain me...Figure 7.3 Image of subsurface damage (SSD) on the surface that cannot be vi...Figure 7.4 Pitch polishing with conventional machine.Figure 7.5 (a) MRF polishing machine. (b) Polishing with MR fluid. Cerium ox...Figure 7.6 80‐in. IAD (ion‐assisted deposition) coating chamber.Figure 7.7 Ion beam generated by 66 cm RF linear ion source.Figure 7.8 Stoney equation.Figure 7.9 Technical problem of diffusion bonding using crystals.Figure 7.10 Fracture surface of YAG‐Yb:YAG crystal composite after laser osc...Figure 7.11 Transmission microphotograph of (a) after diffusion bonding with...Figure 7.12 (a) Forming YAG‐Nd:YAG composite by bonding powder compacts. (b)...Figure 7.13 Various type of ceramic composite and testing results.Figure 7.14 (a) Appearance of YAG/Nd:YAG/YAG ceramic composite formed by DB ...Figure 7.15 (a) Three‐point bending strength of monolithic YAG and Nd:YAG ce...Figure 7.16 Optical properties of ceramic composites in comparison with thei...Figure 7.17 (a)–(c) Observation of scattering for bonding interfaces of YAG/...Figure 7.18 (a) Texture of crack for Nd:YAG single crystal and polycrystalli...Figure 7.19 Principle diagram of single crystal growth by nonmelting process...Figure 7.20 Reflection microscope photograph of Nd:YAG with excess Al2O3 sin...Figure 7.21 Relationship between heating temperature and growth rate of Nd:Y...Figure 7.22 XRD patterns of (a) <110> and <111> seeded YAG samples heated at...Figure 7.23 Comparative data of laser performance concerning 2.4%Nd:YAG poly...Figure 7.24 (a–c) samples show appearance of LGO apatite, BaTiO3 and LSO sin...Figure 7.25 XRD pattern of (a‐2) random orientation polycrystalline, (a‐1) cFigure 7.26 (a) Conventional MALDI system by N2 laser and the advanced micro...Figure 7.27 Results of application of the MALDI/TOF‐MS analyzer using a cera...Figure 7.28 (a) Device configuration of laser igniter. (b) Nd:YAG ceramics a...Figure 7.29 (a) Appearance of conventional spark plug and microlaser spark p...Figure 7.30 System image of space solar pumped solid‐state laser using Nd,Cr...Figure 7.31 Appearance of monolithic ceramic jewel with (a) green and red, (...Figure 7.32 Appearance of composite ceramic jewel with (a) color gradation o...Figure 7.33 Appearance of ceramic jewel with (a) blue spinel ceramics and 10...Figure 7.34 Appearance of ceramic jewel: (a) green + colorless core with com...Figure 7.35 (a) Appearance of ceramic heating element and detail of heating ...Figure 7.36 Machining of small ditch pattern for LED lighting using wireless...Figure 7.37 Difference of focusing distance using conventional glass and hig...Figure 7.38 Appearance of produced 10% Y, 3% Ti:ZrO2 ceramics with refractiv...Figure 7.39 Comparable data of conventional glass (BK7), Y‐stabilized ZrO2 s...Figure 7.40 Comparable data for bending strength and results after impact te...Figure 7.41 (a) Sketch of impact test on test plate by dropping a zirconia b...Figure 7.42 Transparent Al2O3 with 0.5 mm and spinel ceramics with 5 mm thic...Figure 7.43 High‐strength transparent YAG ceramics with 0.3 mm thick produce...Figure 7.44 Optical inspection of polycrystalline spinel ceramics by sinteri...Figure 7.45 (a) He–Ne laser irradiation test and (b‐1) original and (b‐2–4) ...Figure 7.46 In‐line transmittance curves of Spinel Single crystal by Verneui...Figure 7.47 (a) Appearance of large spinel ceramics (left: 60 × 60 × t25 mm,...
