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Группа авторов. Biogeography in the Sub-Arctic
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Biogeography in the Sub‐Arctic. The Past and Future of North Atlantic Biota
List of Contributors
Introduction
References
1 The Opening of the North Atlantic
Plate Tectonic Résumé
Magnetic Anomalies
Mantle Plumes
The Iceland Plume
Early Palaeocene Before the North Atlantic Opening
The Geographical Pattern of Break‐Up
Micro‐continent Formation
Magmatism Heralding the Birth of the New Ocean
Flood Basalt Eruptions
Seaward Dipping Reflectors
Ash Beds of Western and Central Europe
The Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Iceland
Evidence for Plume Pulsing
Continental Uplift after Ocean Formation
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
2 Cenozoic Vegetation and Phytogeography of the Sub‐arctic North Atlantic
Introduction
Paleogene Floras and Vegetation. Greenland
Faroe Islands
Island of Mull
Neogene Floras and Vegetation. Iceland
Biogeographic Implications. Paleogene Links
Neogene Links
Conclusion and Future Research
The ‘Arcto‐Tertiary element’ Hypothesis
The North Atlantic Land Bridge
References
3 Interglacial Biotas from the North Atlantic Islands
Introduction
The Faroe Islands
Iceland
The Brekkukambur Formation
The Víðidalur Formation
The Búlandshöfði Formation
The Svínafellsfjall Formation
Succession at Elliðaárvogur Near Reykjavík
Late Glacial and Early Holocene
Greenland. The Kap København Formation
The Île de France Formation
The Store Koldewey Formation
Other Possible Early Quaternary Occurrences
Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 13
Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 11
Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 7
Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 5e, the Last Interglacial
Early Weichselian Interstadial Deposits
The Last Glacial Maximum in Greenland
Chronology of the Last Deglaciation
Late Glacial and Early to Mid‐Holocene Flora and Fauna
Discussion and Conclusions
References
4 Origin and Dispersal of the North Atlantic Vascular Plant Floras
North Atlantic Endemics – A History of Over‐Description and Rapid Hybrid Speciation
Colonisation History of North Atlantic Plants
Genetic and Floristic Relationships Among Five Atlantic Floras
Some Glacial Survivors After All?
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
5 The Aquatic Fauna of the North Atlantic Islands with Emphasis on Iceland
Introduction
Aquatic Invertebrates
Endemism
Discussion
References
6 The Vascular Floras of High‐Latitude Islands with Special Reference to Iceland
Introduction
A Survey of High‐Latitude Islands
Patterns of Species Richness
Comparisons to Global‐Level and Other High‐Latitude Island Studies
Glaciation History
Habitat Diversity
‘One of the Most Striking Features of the Flora of Iceland Is Its Paucity of Species’
Endemism
Floristic Characteristics of High‐Latitude Islands: Woody Species and Megaherbs
Iceland and Its Vascular Flora
Climate
Disturbance Regimes and Human History
Land Cover and Land Use
Wholly, Partly or Hardly Arctic?
Composition of the Vascular Flora
Floristic Affinities
The High Arctic Element
Large‐Scale Disturbances as Regulators of Floristic Richness
The Age of the Icelandic Vascular Flora
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
7 Quaternary Vertebrates from the North Atlantic Islands
Introduction
Fish
Birds
Pre‐Holocene Mammal Remains
Holocene Marine Mammals
Holocene Terrestrial Mammals
Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
8 North Atlantic Insect Faunas, Fossils and Pitfalls
Introduction
The Discussion About Refugia
The Modern Faunas. Nearctic or Palaearctic
Timing and Mechanisms of Faunal Immigration
Natural Faunas of North Atlantic Islands
Human Impact and North Atlantic Faunas
Conclusions
References
9 Landnám and the North Atlantic Flora
Introduction
The Faroe Islands
Iceland
Greenland
Discussion. The Environmental Baseline
Norse Impacts and Legacy
What Role for Climate?
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
10 Origin of the Northeast Atlantic Islands Bird Fauna: Scenarios of Ecosystem Development
Introduction
Geological Overview and Climate Regimes
Origin of Bird Fauna
Colonization and Evolution. General Principles of Island Biogeography
Development of the Island Bird Communities
Unique Identities
Icelandic Subspecies
Faroese Subspecies
Immigration
Immigration of Breeders in Iceland since 1900
Immigration of Breeders in the Faroes
Stragglers
Analysis of Colonization
Extinction in Iceland
Extinction in the Faroes
Climate Change
Conservation Problems Concerning Birds. Iceland
Faroe Islands
Economic Importance of Birds. Iceland
Faroe Islands
References
Note
11 Human Impact on North Atlantic Biota : Farming and Farm Animals, Fishing, Sealing and Whaling
Introduction
History of Settlement: Introduction, Exploitation and Modification of Vertebrate Biota
Ovigenic Landscapes or Adaptive Grazers?
Northern Fisheries
Conclusions
References
12 A Fleet of Silver : Local Knowledge Perceptions of Sea Ice from Iceland and Labrador/Nunatsiavut
Introduction
Arctic Climate Change
Sea Ice and Locations of Iceland and Labrador
Impacts of Sea‐Ice Variations in Iceland and Labrador
Historical Sea‐Ice Data for Iceland and Labrador
Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems
A Perspective from the Past: Iceland
A Perspective from the Present: Labrador/Nunatsiavut
Overview of Recent Sea‐Ice Variations
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Notes
13 Biodiversity Conservation in the Faroe Islands Under Changing Climate and Land Use
Introduction
Changes in Flora since the Last Ice Age
The Vegetation and Flora
Impacts on the Flora
Effects of Grazing
Effects of Climate Change
New and Invasive Species
Status of the Flora and Fauna. Red‐Listed Vascular Plants
Alpine Areas. Fellfields and Racomitrium Heaths
Lowland and Low Alpine Areas. Heathland and Grassland
Lakes
Mires
Ravines
Seashores
References
Note
14 Biodiversity Conservation in Iceland Under Changing Climate
Introduction
Conservation of Biodiversity in Iceland
Environmental Legislation in Iceland
Domestic Laws for Conservation of Species, Habitats and ‘Ecosystems’ Terrestrial, Water and Estuarine Biota
The Red List for Plants
Invertebrates
Fish, the Red List for Birds and Mammals
Marine Biota
International Laws, Agreements and Treaties About the Environment and Wild Organisms That Iceland Has Signed
The Atmosphere
Conservation of Biota, Habitats and Ecosystems
Pollution of the Sea
UNESCO Heritage Sites in Iceland
RAMSAR Sites in Iceland
Sites Submitted on the Tentative List of UNESCO Heritage Site Because of Natural Phenomena
Climate Change Strategy, Long‐Term Vision 2007–2050
Future Trends in Conservation and Protection of Biodiversity in the Icelandic Environment
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Note
15 The Natural Environment and Its Biodiversity in Greenland During the Present Climate Change
Introduction
Recent Climate – The Last Hundred Years
The Biology of Greenland with Emphasis on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Distribution of Plant Communities in the North
Consequences of Climate Change at the Ecosystem Level
Concluding Remarks
References
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